Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons biota

NRCC (1983) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the aquatic environment Formation, sources, fate and effects on aquatic biota. NRCC/CNRC, Ottawa, Canada. 

Consequently, Europe has historically been a hotspot of environmental pressures because of the contamination caused by agricultural, municipal, and industrial activities and high population densities [5, 6], Such contamination has led to poor water quality in many European river basins [7-12], In addition, this pollution can cause the accumulation in river sediments of toxic compounds such as pesticides [13], surfactants [14], and alkyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) [15], These can in turn act as a source to biota [16] and as a potential risk for entire ecosystems [17] if the compounds bioaccumulate, and thereby enter the food chain [18],... 

Kayal, S. and D.W. Connell. 1995. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in biota from the Brisbane River estuary, Australia. Estuar. Coastal Shelf Sci. 40 475-493... 

Thomann, R.V., and Komlos, J. (1999) Model of biota-sediment accumulation factor for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environ. Tox. Chem. 18, 1060-1068. 

In this chapter, the different steps in the assessment of mixture exposure are discussed. The chapter starts from emission scenarios and subsequently discusses transformation processes taking place in the environment and their effects on mixture composition. Next, bioavailability is discussed, and exposure scenarios for both humans and biota in the environment are described. These descriptions also consider methods to assess exposure to mixtures. Most data available on mixture exposure are restricted to North America and Europe, but we recognize that there are emerging problems in other regions of the world. We restrict our discussion to man-made chemicals and those natural chemicals subject to regulation (metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)), because these represent the most well-studied group and the current priorities for risk assessment. 

Cook RH, Pierce RC, Eaton PB, Lao RC, Onuska FI, Payne JF, Vavasour E (1983) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the aquatic environment sources, fate and effects on aquatic biota. NRCC 18981, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada... 

Occurrence and transport of HCs have important implications for health of biota as well as humans. Of the top 20 contaminants on the USEPA Hazardous Substances Priority List, 15 are hydrophobic (USEPA, 1999). These contaminants include trace elements, organochlorine compounds, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). A major fraction of HCs are transported adhered to suspended sediment (Bradford and Horowitz, 1982 Garbarino et al., 1995 Rostad et al., 1995). 

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have been encountered in different environmental matrices (e.g., soil, atmosphere, water, biota, etc.). Because PAHs have natural fluorescent properties, LC-FLD is advantageous over GC-MS because of its ability to measure the different PAH isomers and comparable detection limits are obtained. LC-DAD and LC-APCI-MS can also be applied and have the advantage... 

Sorption of hydrophobic halocarbons onto suspended sediments, biota, or NOM can have complex effects on photoreaction rates and quantum efficiencies. Hydrophobic or ionic halocarbons, with their great tendency to sorb on sediments or NOM, are most likely to be affected by heterogeneous photoreactions. A flurry of publications (e.g., 30-34 and references cited therein) provided abundant experimental evidence that extremely hydrophobic pollutants (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, DDT, and mirex) have a strong tendency to associate with the particulate and dissolved organic matter in water bodies. 

J. Kuijt, C. Garcia-Ruiz, G.J. Stroomberg, M.L. Marina, F. Ariese, U.A.Th. Brinkman and C. Gooijer, Laser-induced fluorescence detection at 266 nm in capillary electrophoresis. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites in biota, J. Chromatogr. A, 907, 291-299, 2001. 

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) appear in most urbanized coastal areas of the world, accumulating in sediments and biota that are unable to efficiently eliminate them. This review focuses specifically on the mechanisms of bioavailability, uptake, and elimination, which determine the extent of accumulation and retention of PAHs in invertebrates and fish in marine ecosystems. We review here the literature on the mechanisms and factors that control these processes which ultimately determine the concentration of PAHs in marine organisms. Understanding both the tem-... 

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