Morphology polyaniline

Duic, L., and Grigic, S. 2001. The effect of polyaniline morphology on hydroquinone/quinone redox reaction. Electrochimica Acta 46, 2795-2803. 

Nanofibers in Conventional Polyaniline Morphological Evolution of Polyaniline during Chemical Polymerization Suppressing Secondary Growth to Make Pure Nanofibers Effect of Solvents on the Intrinsic Morphology of Polyaniline Polyaniline Nanofibers Obtained by Solvent Exchange Processing and Characterization of Polyaniline Nanofibers... 

Obviously, STFM is a facile and efficient approach to synthesize polymer, in particular PANI, nanostructures because it not only omits hard template and post-treatment of template removal but also simplifies reagents. However, the self-assembly mechanism of the conductive nanotubes of PANI by the STFM is not yet understood. It might be due to the formation of aniline dimer cation radicals which could act as effective surfactants to shape the polyaniline morphology. 

Wessling B (2010) New insight into organic metal polyaniline morphology and structure. Polymers 2 786-798... 

A number of approaches are available to improve the morphology and homogeneity of electrochemically deposited conducting polymer films. Priming of the electrode surface with a monolayer of adsorbed or covalently bonded monomer leads to more compact deposits of polyaniline,87,88 poly thiophene,80 and polypyrrole.89,90 Electrode rotation has been shown to inhibit the deposition of powdery overlayers during poly(3-methylthiophene) deposition.81... 

Y. F. Huang, C. W. Lin, Facile synthesis and morphology control of graphene oxide/polyaniline nanocomposites via in-situ polymerization process, Polymer, vol. 53, pp. 2574-2582, 2012. 

The inter-relationship between colloid and polymer chemistries is completed by colloidal polymer particles. The formation of 50-nm-diameter, 100- to 200-nm-long polyaniline fibrils in a poly(acrylic acid)-template-guided polymerization, similar in many ways to those produced from polymerized SUVs (see above), provides a recent example of polymer colloids [449], The use of poly(styenesulfonic acid) as a template yielded globular polyaniline particles which were found to be quite different morphologically from those observed in the regular chemical synthesis of polyaniline [449]. 

Practical applications have been reported for PVP/cellulosics (108,119,120) and PVP/polysulfones (121,122) in membrane separation technology, eg, in the manufacture of dialysis membranes. Electrically conductive polymers of polyaniline are rendered more soluble and hence easier to process by complexation with PVP (123). Addition of small amounts of PVP to nylon 66 and 610 causes significant morphological changes, resulting in fewer but more regular spherulites (124). 

Rimbu, G.A. et ah. The morphology control of polyaniline as conducting polymer in fuel cell technology, J. Optoelectron. Adv. Mater, 8, 670, 2006. 

As mentioned in the introduction, the electrical conductivity upon doping is one of the most important physical properties of conjugated polymers. The conductivity ranges from lOOOOOS/cm for iodine-doped polyacetylene [41], 1000 S/cm for doped and stretched polypyrrole [42], to 500 S/cm for doped PPP [43], 150 S/cm for hydrochloric acid doped and stretched polyaniline [44], and 100 S/cm for sulfuric acid doped PPV [45] to 50 S/cm for iodine-doped poly thiophene [46]. The above listed conductivities refer to the unsubstituted polymers other substitution patterns can lead to different film morphologies and thus to a different electrical conductivity for the same class of conjugated polymer in the doped state. 

Conducting polymer blends based upon polyaniline (PANI) are a new class of materials in which the percolation threshold for the onset of electrical conductivity can be reduced to volume fractions well below that required for classical percolation (16% by volume for globular conducting objects dispersed in an insulating matrix in three dimensions) [277,278], The origin of this remarkably low threshold for the onset of electrical conductivity is the self-assembled network morphology of the PANI poly blends, which forms during the course of liquid-liquid phase separation [61],... 

Figure 23.17 SEM micrograph showing the morphology of a polyaniline/multiwalled nanotubes (PANI/MWNTs) composite material which contains 80 wt % of chemically deposited polyaniline. (Adapted from Ref. [115].)...

J. Stejskal, M. Spirkova, A. Riede, M. Helmstedt, P. Mokreva and J. Prokes, Polyaniline dispersions 8. The control of particle morphology, Polymer, 1999, 40, 2487. 

Passivation of metals by coating with polyaniline corrosion potential shift and morphological changes... 

Figure 29.5 The conventional synthesis of polyaniline and its morphology, (a, b) The oxidative polymerization reaction of aniline is typically carried out in an acidic solution (e.g., 1 M HCl) [45].

---