Polyamidoamine Starburst dendrimer

Milhem, O.M. Myles, C. McKeown, N.B. Attwood, D. D Emanuele, A. Solubility enhancement of a hydrophobic drug using polyamidoamine starburst dendrimers. Proc. Int. Symp. Control. Release Bioact. Mater. 1999, 26, 931-932. 

Delong, R. Stephenson, K. Loftus, T. Fisher, M. Alahari, S. Nolting, A. Juliano, R.L. Characterization of complexes of oligonucleotides with polyamidoamine starburst dendrimers and effects on intracellular delivery. J. Pharm. Sci. 1997, 86, 762-764. 

The first true dendrimers were the polyamidoamines (PAMAMs). They are also known as starburst dendrimers, and the term starburst is a trademark of the Dow Chemical Company, who have commercialized these materials for a range of applications. These dendrimers use ammonia as the core molecule, and this is reacted with methyl acrylate in the presence of methanol, after which ethylenediamine is added. This is shown in Scheme 9.2. 

Two different dendrimer families are presently commercially available Starburst polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers from Dendritech Inc., Midland, Michigan, and ASTRAMOL polypropyleneimine (PPI) dendrimers from DSM, Geleen, the Netherlands. 

Roberts, J.C., Bhalgat, M.K. and Zera, R.T. (1996) Preliminary biological evaluation of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) Starburst dendrimers. J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 30, 53-65. 

The use of dendrimers as soluble supports in combinatorial chemistry was recently introduced by Kim et al. [204] for the synthesis of a 27-member pool library of indoles (three pools by nine individuals). The structure of the dendritic support, which was prepared condensing the commercially available starburst polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer with the 4-hydroxymethyl benzoic acid (HMB) linker, is given in Figure 7.24. 

A) Materials Several grades of poly(ethylene imines), trade name Lupasol P, and Lupasol SK were obtained fi om BASF Corporation polyvinylalcoholamine (PVAA) and polyvinylamine (PVAm) were purchased fi om Air Products, Inc. Starburst dendrimer polyamidoamine was purchased from Dendrit h Corpomtkm. Poly(ethylene terepthalate) film, grade, Melinex 800/48 and coextruded 850/48 films, and Surlyn , grade 1702, were fi-om DuPont Films. 

We have previously reported that starburst polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers i.e. PolyFect and SupeFect ) as well as polypropylenimine... 

Kukowska-Latallo JF, Bielinska AU, Johnson J, Spindler R, Tomalia DA, Baker JR Jr (1996) Efficient transfer of genetic material into mammalian cells using Starburst polyamidoamine dendrimers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93 4897 -902... 

Tomalia, D. A. and Dvornic, P. R. Dendritic polymers, divergent synthesis (starburst polyamidoamine dendrimers) , in Salamone, J. C. (ed.), Polymeric Materials Encyclopedia, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1996, pp. 1814-1830. 

Interest in dendritic polymers (dendrimers) has grown steadily over the past decade due to use of these molecules in numerous industrial and biomedical applications. One particular class of dendrimers, Starburst polyamidoamine (PAMAM) polymers, a new class of nanoscopic, spherical polymers that appears safe and nonimmunogenic for potential use in a variety of therapeutic applications for human diseases. This chapter will focus on investigations into PAMAM dendrimers for in vitro and in vivo nonviral gene delivery as these studies have progressed from initial discoveries to recent animal trials. In addition, we will review other applications of dendrimers where the polymers are surface modified. This allows the opportunity to target-deliver therapeutics or act as competitive inhibitors of viral or toxin attachment to cells. 

Qin, L., Rahud, D.R., Ding, Y., Bielinska, A.U., Kukowska-Latallo, J.F., Baker, Jr., J.R. and Bromberg, J.S. (1998) Efficient transfer of genes into murine cardiac grafts by starburst polyamidoamine dendrimers. Hum. Gene Ther., 9, 553-560. 

On-chip chiral separation of enantiomers of adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine was achieved using a mixture of carboxymethyl-p-cyclodextrin (CMCD) and a polyamidoamine dendrimer (Starburst) [120], On-chip chiral separation of enantiomers of homovanillic acid, DOPA, cDOPA, methoxy-tyramine (MT), metanephrine, and normetanephrine was achieved using a mixture of 18-crown-6-ether and carboxymethyl-P-cyclodextrin [120],... 

Fig. 5. Kratky plot for SANS data taken from solutions of starburst polyamidoamine dendrimers with seven generations in deuterated water (extrapolated to zero concentration) and comparison with the gaussian blocks dendrimer model with b = 0.48 nm, n = 10, N = 7, Nb = 3 and f = 2. Salt was added to the solution in order to screen out the coulomb interactions...

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