Starburst polyamidoamine

Kukowska-Latallo JF, Bielinska AU, Johnson J, Spindler R, Tomalia DA, Baker JR Jr (1996) Efficient transfer of genetic material into mammalian cells using Starburst polyamidoamine dendrimers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93 4897 -902... 

Two different dendrimer families are presently commercially available Starburst polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers from Dendritech Inc., Midland, Michigan, and ASTRAMOL polypropyleneimine (PPI) dendrimers from DSM, Geleen, the Netherlands. 

Tomalia, D. A. and Dvornic, P. R. Dendritic polymers, divergent synthesis (starburst polyamidoamine dendrimers) , in Salamone, J. C. (ed.), Polymeric Materials Encyclopedia, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1996, pp. 1814-1830. 

Interest in dendritic polymers (dendrimers) has grown steadily over the past decade due to use of these molecules in numerous industrial and biomedical applications. One particular class of dendrimers, Starburst polyamidoamine (PAMAM) polymers, a new class of nanoscopic, spherical polymers that appears safe and nonimmunogenic for potential use in a variety of therapeutic applications for human diseases. This chapter will focus on investigations into PAMAM dendrimers for in vitro and in vivo nonviral gene delivery as these studies have progressed from initial discoveries to recent animal trials. In addition, we will review other applications of dendrimers where the polymers are surface modified. This allows the opportunity to target-deliver therapeutics or act as competitive inhibitors of viral or toxin attachment to cells. 

Qin, L., Rahud, D.R., Ding, Y., Bielinska, A.U., Kukowska-Latallo, J.F., Baker, Jr., J.R. and Bromberg, J.S. (1998) Efficient transfer of genes into murine cardiac grafts by starburst polyamidoamine dendrimers. Hum. Gene Ther., 9, 553-560. 

The use of dendrimers as soluble supports in combinatorial chemistry was recently introduced by Kim et al. [204] for the synthesis of a 27-member pool library of indoles (three pools by nine individuals). The structure of the dendritic support, which was prepared condensing the commercially available starburst polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer with the 4-hydroxymethyl benzoic acid (HMB) linker, is given in Figure 7.24. 

Fig. 5. Kratky plot for SANS data taken from solutions of starburst polyamidoamine dendrimers with seven generations in deuterated water (extrapolated to zero concentration) and comparison with the gaussian blocks dendrimer model with b = 0.48 nm, n = 10, N = 7, Nb = 3 and f = 2. Salt was added to the solution in order to screen out the coulomb interactions...

Starburst polyamidoamine (PAMAM) synthesis [2, 77-81, 83] may begin with either a nucleophilic or an electrophilic core. In the case of nucleophilic cores such as ammonia or amine, step A in Scheme 21 involves exhaustive Michael addition to methyl acrylate. This addition occurs very rapidly and in high yield with essentially complete selectively and no amidation at room temperature. Step B requires addition of this triester intermediate to a large excess of ethylenediamine at room temperature to produce the terminal triamine core cell shown in Fig. 2 and Scheme 21. Repeating the sequence of steps A and B leads, via a hexaester... 

Half-generation starburst polyamidoamines were hydrolyzed by the author by reacting with NaOH in methyl alcohol. This generated spheroidal molecules with negative charges dispersed on the periphery. Counterions consisted of Na", K+, Cs" or Rb . Other examples are described (1,2,3). 

Kukowska-Latallo, J.E. Bielinska, A.U. Johnson, J. Spindler, R. Tomalia, D.A. Baker, J.R., Jr. Efficient transfer of genetic material into mammalian cells using starburst polyamidoamine dendrimers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1996, 93, 4897-4902. 

Tomalia, Denkewalter and Newkome followed the cascade synthesis for the preparation of Starburst polyamidoamines, polylysines, and arborols during the 80 s and developed the dendrimer chemistry to a high skill. [1]... 

Qin L, et al. (1998). Efficient transfer of genes into murine cardiac grafts by Starburst polyamidoamine dendrimers. Hum. Gene Ther. 9 553-560. 

The upper mass range of a polymer that can be analyzed by MALDl-MS is dependent on the polymer type. For example, Danis et al. reported the detection of water-soluble poly(styrenesulfonic acid) with a molecular mass just below 400000 [122], and the detection of a poly(methyl methacrylate) sample with a molecular mass of about 256000 [17]. Multiply charged ions from a starburst polyamidoamine dendrimer with a molecular mass as high as 1.2 milbon has been reported by Savickas [123]. Yalcin et al. showed that polybutadienes of narrow polydispersity with masses up to 300000 Da, and polyisoprenes of narrow polydispersity with masses up to 150 000 Da, can also be analyzed [42]. 

D.A. Tomalia and P.R. Dvomic. Dendritic polymers, divergent S5mthesis (starburst polyamidoamine dendrimers), in Polymeric Materials Encyclopedia. J.C. Salamone, Ed., Vol. 3(D-E). CRC Press Boca Raton, FL, pp. 1814—1840, 1996. 

We have previously reported that starburst polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers i.e. PolyFect and SupeFect ) as well as polypropylenimine... 

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