Poly thiophene copolymers

Using the same approach, a substituted HT poly thiophene copolymer containing alkyl and w-hydroxyalkyl side chains has been prepared [122]. The w-hydroxyalkyl side chain was first protected with a tetrahydropyranyl (THP) ether, polymerized, and deprotected to give the random copolymer 19 (Fig. 9.34). The copolymer 19 contains a free alcohol at the end of the side chain and can be functionalized by a number of reagents to tailor the properties of the conjugated polymer. 

Depending on their structure, the polymers containing heterocycles have various applications. For example, poly(furfuryl alcohol) is used in composite materials with fillers such as sand and concrete, in copolymers with formaldehyde, etc. Some of the polymers from this group have special properties such as good electrical conductivity (after appropriate doping). Among these polymers are poly(thiophene-2,5-diyl) and particularly polypyrrole, CAS 109-97-7, (usually in carbon black doped with an organic acid anion). The structure of this polymer is shown below ... 

For the devices presented here, the wrapped copolymer PPyVPV and a wrapped copolymer of poly thiophene and polyphenylene derivative, PTP, were used as the emitting materials SPAN and EB were used as the redox materials ITO and Al were used as electrodes. Figure 9.11 shows the schematic diagram of the device structure of the color-variable bipolar/ac light-emitting devices. 

Fig. 11 1 Schematic representation of the esterification reaction involved in biotinylation of the surface in the poly(thiophene-co-3-thiophenemethanol) copolymer inverse opal. 2 The biotinylated copolymer surface is then primed for 3 biospecific binding with avidin [114]...

Roncali, J. [1992], Conjugated poly[thiophenes) Synthesis, functionalization, and appiications, Chem. Rev., 92, pp. 711-738. Gadgii, B., Damlin, R, Aaritaio, T, Kankare, ]., and Kvarnstrdm, C. (2013). Electrosynthesis and characterization of viologen cross linked thiophene copolymer, Electrochim. Acta, 97, pp. 378-385. Nalwa, H. S. (2001). Advanced Functional Molecules and Polymers Electronic and Photonic Properties, 3 (Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands]. 

B. Li, G. Sauve, M. C. lovu, M. Jeffries-EL, R. Zhang, J. Cooper, S. Santhanam, L. Schultz, J. C. Revelli, A. G. Kusne, et al. Volatile Organic Compound Detection Using Nanostructured Copolymers. Nano Lett. 2006,6,1598-1602. Q. Zhang, A. Cirpan, T. P. Russell, T. Emrick, Donor-Acceptor Poly(Thiophene-B/ock-Perylene Diimide) Copolymers Synthesis and Solar Cell Fabrication. Macromolecules 2009,42,1079-1082. 

Thiophene Copolymers. A copolymer from N-vinylcarbazole and thiophene, poly(2,7-bi-2-thienyl-9-vinyl-9-//-carbazole) was synthesized via a radical polymerization and a Suzuki reaction [58]. 

Lere-Porte, J.-R, J.J.E. Moreau, and C. Torreilles. 2001. Highly conjugated poly(thiophene)s— Synthesis of regioregular 3-alkylthiophene polymers and 3-alkylthiophene/thiophene copolymers. Eur 7 Org Chem (7) 1249-1258. 

Monomers that can be polymerized onto the core nanoparticles include those that upon polymerization can exhibit an inherent conductivity. A variety of copolymers or derivatives of poly(aniline) (PANI), poly(pyrrole), poly(thiophene), PEDOT, and poly(p-phen-ylene vinylene) can be used. 

Recently, Kim et al. reported that a FET using the copolymer of fluorene and selenophene, poly(9,9 -dioctylfluorene-a/t-biselenophene) (51), as an active layer exhibited a high hole mobiUty of 0.012 cm V s which is better than the performance of the fluorene and thiophene copolymer counterpart [104]. It is speculated that the high mobility of 51 is a result of the close molecular packing and the well-defined orientation of selenophene-containing polymer chains. 

Huang s group has systematically studied the structure-property relationships of fluorene-thiophene-based conjugated polymers 57-60 [95, 96], In contrast to poly thiophene homopolymers, the regiochemistry of substitution in bithiophene fragments in the studied copolymers shows little effect on the optical bandgap (59 and 60, respectively Eg = 2.49 and 2.58 eV [96] or 2.57 and 2.60 eV [97, 98]) or the emission maxima, but the head-to-head copolymer 60 was significantly more thermally stable. 

Poly (thiophene)s are of particular interest as electfochromic materials owing to their chemical stability, ease of synthesis and processability. For the most part, current research has been focused on composites, blends and copolymer formations of several conjugated polyheterocyclics, polythiophene and its derivatives, especially PEIX)T. In one example, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)/poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-l-propanesulfonate) (PAMPS) composite films were prepared by Sonmez et al. for alternative electrochromic applications [50]. Thin composite films comprised of PEDOT/PAMPS were reported to switch rapidly between oxidized and neufial states, in less than 0.4 s, with an initial optical contrast of 76% at A.max. 615 nm. Nanostructured blends of electrochromic polymers such as polypyrrole and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) were developed via self-assembly by Inganas etal. for application as an electrochromic window [26]. Uniir etal. developed a graft-type electrochromic copolymer of polythiophene and polytetrahydrofuran for use in elecfiochromic devices [51]. Two EDOT-based copolymers, poly[(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-aZ/-(2,5-dioctyloxyphenylene)] and poly[(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-aft-(9,9 -dioctylfluorene)] were developed by Aubert et al. as other candidates for electrochromic device development [52],... 

---