Polymers electrochromic

Amb, C. M. Dyer, A. L. Reynolds,. R., Navigating the color palette of solution-processable electrochromic polymers. Chem. Mater 2010, 23, 397-415. 

The other important electrochromic polymers are the polypyrroles and polythiophenes, obtained by polymerisation of the parent pyrrole and thiophene or, more importantly, their 3,4-substituted derivatives. The most widely studied of these two classes of polymers in electrochromic outlets are the poly thiophenes, which are readily synthesised by the reaction of the substituted monomer with FeClj in chloroform solution. The colour change properties of a variety of poly thiophenes in the presence of a counter-ion are shown in Table 1.14. ... 

New electrochromic polymers, for example, 43, have been made that offer a large contrast ratio and rapid switching between two electrodes <2004JMR2072>. 

Swager has utilized pyrrole-3-boronic acid 102, which was prepared from 6 by NBS bromination (88%), lithiation (BuLi), and boronation (B(OMe), aq MeOH) (50% overall), in Suzuki reactions to synthesize bis-pyrroles 104-106, en route to novel conductive electrochromic polymers [73]. 

Gaupp, C.L., Welsh, D.M., Ranh, R.D., and Reynolds, J.R. 2002. Composite coloration efficiency measurements of electrochromic polymers based on 3,4-alkylenedioxythio-phenes. Chemistry of Materials 14, 3964—3970. 

S. Kawabata, H. Yoneyama and H. Tamura, Redox behavior and electrochromic properties of polypyrrole films in aqueous solutions, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1984, 57, 2247 P.C. Bookbinder and M.S. Wrighton, Electrochromic polymers covalently anchored to electrode surfaces. Optical and electrochemical properties of a viologen-based polymer./ Electrochem. Soc., 1983,130, 1080. 

Another rather special strategy to obtain electrochromic polymers with unexpected performance is covalently connecting electrochromic units to the conjugated polymer backbone. Lee and coworkers have reported a new polymer 119 (Fig. 2.7B) thatis aPEDOT derivative containing a pendant viologen (Ko et al, 2004). Electrochemical and spec-troelectrochemical studies showed that this polymer had four colored oxidation states. 

Beverina, L., Pagani, GA., Sassi, M., 2014. Multichromophoric electrochromic polymers colour tuning of conjugated polymers through the side chain functionalization approach. Chem. Commun. 50, 5413-5430. 

Wu, C.G., Lu, M.I., Chang, S.J.,Wei, C.S., 2007. A Solution-processable high-coloration-efficiency low-switching-voltage electrochromic polymer based onpolycyclopentadithiophene. Adv. Eunct. Mater. 17,1063-1070. 

Electrochromic polymers (ECPs) materials exhibit a change in transmittance and/ or reflectance of electromagnetic radiation induced by an electrochemical oxidation-reduction reaction (called electrochromism) (Rosseinsky and Mortimer, 2001). The ECPs can be used as electrochromic displays, glasses, and even fabrics (Remmele et al., 2015). A certain set of properties, such as, desired absorption profile, easily accessible redox process and ease of processing are of essential importance for materials to serve as effective electrochromes (Dyer and Reynolds, 2007). 

Alamer, F.A., Otley, M.T., Ding, Y., Sotzing, GA., 2013. Solid-state high-throughput screening for color tuning of electrochromic polymers. Adv. Mater. 25,6256-6260. 

Bhuvana, T, Kim, B., Yang, X., Shin, H., Kim, E., 2013. Reversible fuU-color generation with patterned yellow electrochromic polymers. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 52,1180-1184. 

Chen, X., Xu, Z., Mi, S., Zheng, J., Xu, C., 2015b. Spray-processable red-to-transmissive electrochromic polymers towards fast switching time for display applications. New I. Chem. 39,5389-5394. 

Gulfldan, D., Sefer, E., Koyuncu, S., Acar, M.H., 2014. Neutral state colorless electrochromic polymer networks Spacer effect on electrochromic performance. Polymer 55,5998-6005. 

Karabay, B., Pekel, L.C., Cihaner, A., 2015. A pure blue to highly transmissive electrochromic polymer based on poly(3,4-propylenedioxyselenophene) with a high optical contrast ratio. Macromolecules 48, 1352-1357. 

Polymerizationof low molecular weight hydrogelators to form electrochromic polymers. Chem. Commun. 51,10427-10430. 

Ming, S., Zhen, S., Lin, K., Zhao, L., Xu, J., Lu, B., 2015. Thiadiazolo [3,4-c] pyridine as an acceptor toward fast-switching green donor-acceptor-type electrochromic polymer with low bandgap. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7,11089-11098. 

Padilla, J., Osterholm, A.M., Dyer, A.L., Reynolds, J.R., 2015. Process controlled performance for soluble electrochromic polymers. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 140, 54-60. 

Dyer, A.L., Craig, M.R., Babiarz, J.E., Kiyak, K., Reynolds, I.R., 2010. Orange and red to transmissive electrochromic polymers based on electron-rich dioxythiophenes. Macromolecules 43,4460 467. 

Gunbas, G.E., Durmus, A., Toppare, L., 2008. Could green be greener Novel donor-acceptor-type electrochromic polymers towards excellent neutral green materials with exceptional transmissive oxidized states for completion of RGB color space. Adv. Mater. 20,691-695. 

I. in, K.W., Ming, S.L., Zhen, S.J., Zhao, Y., Lu, B.Y., Xu, J.K., 2015. Molecular design of DBT/DBF hybrid thiophenes pi-conjugated systems and comparative study of their electropolymerization and optoelectronic properties from comonomers to electrochromic polymers. Polym. Chem. 6,4575-4587. 

Thompson, B.C., Schottland, P., Zong, K., Reynolds, J.R., 2000. In situ colorimetric analysis of electrochromic polymers and devices. Chem. Mater. 12,1563-1571. 

L. Beverina, G. A. Pagani, M. Sassi, Multichromophoric Electrochromic Polymers Colour Tuning of Conjugated Polymers through the Side Chcun Functionalization Approach. Chem. Commun. 2014, 50, 5413. 

Gaupp C. L., Welsh D. M., and Reynolds J. R, Poly[ProDOT-Et2] a high-contrast, high-coloration efficiency electrochromic polymer, Macromol. Rapid Commun., 2002,23,885-889. 

Schottland, R, K. Zong, and C.L. Gaupp. 2000. Poly(3,4-alkylenedioxypyrrole)s Highly stable electronically conducting and electrochromic polymers. Macromolecules 33 7051-7061. 

Du Bois, C.J., et al. 2001. Multi-colored electrochromic polymers based on BEDOT-pyridines. Synth Met 119 321. 

Gallazzi, M.C., et al. 2002. A new low band gap dithienylene-fluorovinylene electrochromic polymer An intriguing effect of silyl substitution on the polymerization reaction, f Mater Chem 12 2202. 

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