Poly flooring

Nearly all uses and appHcations of benzyl chloride are related to reactions of the active haUde substituent. More than two-thirds of benzyl chloride produced is used in the manufacture of benzyl butyl-phthalate, a plasticizer used extensively in vinyl flooring and other flexible poly(vinyl chloride) uses such as food packaging. Other significant uses are the manufacture of benzyl alcohol [100-51-6] and of benzyl chloride-derived quaternary ammonium compounds, each of which consumes more than 10% of the benzyl chloride produced. Smaller volume uses include the manufacture of benzyl cyanide [140-29-4], benzyl esters such as benzyl acetate [140-11-4], butyrate, cinnamate, and saUcylate, benzylamine [100-46-9], and benzyl dimethyl amine [103-83-8], and -benzylphenol [101-53-1]. In the dye industry benzyl chloride is used as an intermediate in the manufacture of triphenylmethane dyes (qv). First generation derivatives of benzyl chloride are processed further to pharmaceutical, perfume, and flavor products. 

Poly(vinyl chloride-i o-vinyl acetate) [9003-22-9] has found appHcation in flooring, phonograph records, protective coatings, fibers, and some films and sheeting. Because of their low viscosity and good processabihty, such copolymers constitute the bulk of the vinyl tile market. The total production of PVC copolymers in 1989 was 113,500 t (73) (see Vinyl polymers). 

About 10% of the ethylene produced in the U.S. is used to make vinyl chloride, which in the chemical trade is usually referred to as vinyl chloride monomer or VCM. The largest use of VCM is for polymerization to poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), a thermoplastic, which in terms of volume is second only to polyethylene. PVC is used in such diverse areas as containers, floor coverings (linoleum), plastic pipes, raincoats, and many, many others. PVC has an evironmental disadvantage over non-chlorine containing plastics in that when it is disposed of by incineration it produces hydrogen chloride, which dissolves in atmospheric water to give hydrochloric acid. Polyethylene does not have this undesirable feature. 

The United States produces more than 7 billion kilograms of vinyl chloride annually. Most is converted to the polymer poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), which is used to make piping, siding, gutters, floor tiles, clothing, and toys. Vinyl chloride is made in a two-step process. The balanced overall equation is as follows ... 

Membrane banners are applied to the exterior of the foundation and also beneath the floor slab during construction. Materials used for the membrane barriers range from coextruded poly olefin to polyvinyl chloride to foil sheets with many other materials in between. All membrane barriers must have the edges sealed to prevent radon from migrating around the edges and back into the building. 

Copolymerization. Vinyl chloride can be copolymerized with a variety of monomers. Vinyl acetate, the most important commercial comonomer, is used to reduce crystallinity, winch aids fusion and allows lower processing temperatures. Copolymers are used in flooring and coatings. This copolymer sometimes contains maleic add or vinyl alcohol (hydrolyzed from the poly(vinyl acetate ) to improve the coating s adhesion to other materials, including metals, Copolymers with vinylidene chloride are used as barrier films and coatings. Copolymers of vinyl chlonde with acrylic esters in latex from are used as film formers in paint, nonwoven fabric binders, adhesives, and coatings. Copolymers with olefins improve thermal stability and melt flow, but at some loss of heat-deflection temperature,... 

Vinyl acetate is used for the manufacture of poly(vinyl acetate) resins (Fig. 1), poly( vinyl alcohol), and poly (vinyl butyral). Poly (vinyl acetate) is used primarily in adhesives, coatings, and paints. Copolymers of poly (vinyl acetate) with poly (vinyl chloride) are used in flooring, phonograph... 

Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) CH2—CHCH Housing, pipe, flooring, film, sheet, wire insulation... 

Poly(vinyl chloride) may also be internally plasticized by copolymerization of vinyl chloride with vinyl acetate, as mentioned earlier. It is not possible to obtain the same result from a mixture of the same proportions of PVC and poly(vinyl acetate) homopolymers. Incorporation of vinyl acetate into the polymer chains produces the intimate association of components needed to lower the temperature required for processing in much the same way as an added plasticizer does. Important end uses for poly(vinyl chloride-co-vinyl acetate) at low levels of vinyl acetate incorporation are phonograph records and floor tiles, and also for sheeting, when added filler will also be used. 

Limit of harmful substances of poly(vinyl chloride) floor... 

In the case of Ss the ring addition reaction is endothermic and endentrop-ic (AS>0). This results in a floor temperature for the polymerization and Eq. (23) can be simplified to the form Eq. (16) given above [133]. No poly-... 

Poly(vinyl chloride) used in the manufacture of plastic raincoats is plasticized, until Tg is below ambient, to make the material flexible. One might expect that if the coat was hung on a hook (i.e., subjected to a tensile load), it would eventually flow onto the floor after prolonged expansion. Why does this not happen ... 

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