Poly commercial resins

Poly(phenylene ether) Alloys. Poly(phenylene ether) resins (91), composed of phenoHc monomers, have a very high T. The commercial resins are based on 2,6-dimethylphenol. The resin is produced by oxidative polymerization in toluene solution over an amine catalyst (see also PoLYETPiERS, aromatic). 

Poly sulfide compounds that are compatible with epoxy resins are liquid elastomers at room temperature. The most significant commercial resin of this type is LP-3 from Toray. The predominant product is a mercaptan-terminated liquid polymer (LP) that contains approximately 37% bound sulfur (see Fig. 7.2). It is the high concentration of sulfur linkages that provides these products with their unique chemical properties. A sulfur odor is noticeable during processing, making ventilation important. 

Plum pudding resins are prepared from micro-bead particles of commercial resins, De-Acidite (1-10 pm) and Zeo-Karb 226 (5-10 pm) and a variety of polymers such as cellulosics, ionically crosslinked polysalts, or poly(vinyl alcohol) cross-... 

The poly(phenylene oxide) polymer was commercial resin obtained from Noryl Products Division, General Electric Company, Selkirk, NY. Solvents were spectroscopic grade. All other reagents were obtained from commercial sources and were used as received. 

In 1947, Du Pont began a development program on the polymerization and stabilization of formaldehyde and its polymer. Twelve years later, Du Pont brought the unzipping tendency under control with proprietary stabilizers and commercially announced Delrin polyacetal polymer (Figure 3). The key to the stabilization of poly formaldehyde resins appears to be a blocking of the terminal... 

A number of important commercial resins are manufactured by suspension polymerization, including poly(vinyl chloride) and copolymers, styrene resins [general purpose polystyrene, EPS, high impact polystyrene (HIPS), poly(styrene-acrylonitrile) (SAN), poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) (ABS), styrenic ion-exchange resins], poly(methyl methacrylate) and copolymers, and poly(vinyl acetate). However, some of these polymers rather use a mass-suspension process, in which the polymerization starts as a bulk one and, at certain conversion, water and suspending agents are added to the reactor to form a suspension and continue the polymerization in this way up to high conversions. No continuous suspension polymerization process is known to be employed on a... 

MAJOR APPLICATIONS Poly (4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP) with its nucleophilic and weakly basic ring nitrogen has found uses in the areas of metal recovery (complex), and pollution control for removal of acidic and neutral materials. It is also used as an acid scavenger and catalyst and catalyst support. Commercial resin beads are mostly prepared by suspension polymerization with cross-linker such as divinylbenzene.t ... 

Several other common thermoplastics emerged about the same time as LDPE in 1930s. Polystyrene, for instance, was first produced in 1930 and by 1934 plants were in operation producing the commercial resin in both Germany and Ihe United States. Poly(methyhnethacrylate) (PMMA) was developed by ICI about the same period. Carothers s discovery of nylons (introduced in 1939 at the World s Fair in New York) yielded a material that particularly served the allied war effort. Nylon was used extensively in tire reinforcement, parachute fabric, as well as in everyday products such as toothbrushes and women s stockings. Engineering thermoplastics such as polycarbonate by comparison are a more recent development, with commercialization by General Electric Company around 1958. 

One of the most interesting cyanate esters is derived from Bisphenoi A. Blsphenol A Is widely used as a starting material for epoxy resins, poly- carbonate resins, polysulphones, polyetherimldes and polyarylates. Bisphenoi A dicyanate can be commercially produced by reacting bisphenoi A with cyanogen chloride in the presence of a tertiary amine such as triethyl andne. 

Beyond these three main concepts, the inverse bioconjugation approach offers another strategy to connect peptides or proteins with synthetic polymers. Using a solid support, which is preloaded with a polymer block, the biological molecule can be assembled in a stepwise fashion through solid-phase synthesis. Mutter and coworkers first showed the attachment of PEO to a poly(styrene) resin via a benzyl ether linker. This concept was finally developed further by Bayer and Rapp leading to a commercially available PAP resin, which is widely applied in solid-phase peptide synthesis. In a similar approach. Lutz, Borner, and coworkers demonstrated the preparation of cleavable and non-cleavable soluble polystyrene supports by ATRP for the liquid-phase synthesis of peptide-polymer conjugates. ... 

Commercially-available diaryliodonium (CD-1012, Sartomer) and triaryl-sulfonium (CD-1010, Sartomer) salts were found to initiate polymerization of multifunctional epoxide and vinyl ether monomers [24]. Figure 17a shows a line structure achieved by polymerization of a mixture of poly(bisphenol A-co-epichlorohydrin) glycidyl end-capped and 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl 3,4-epoxylcyclohexanecarboxylate (K126, Sartomer) initiated by CD-1012. To check the potential spatial resolution, we focused the laser using high-NA optics to polymerize commercial resin SCR701 (JSR) and a lateral spatial resolution of 100 nm was obtained (Fig. 17b). 

The majority of xylenes, which are mostly produced by catalytic reforming or petroleum fractions, ate used in motor gasoline (see Gasoline and other MOTORFUELs). The majority of the xylenes that are recovered for petrochemicals use are used to produce PX and OX. PX is the most important commercial isomer. Almost all of the PX is converted to terephthaUc acid and dimethylterephthalate, and then to poly(ethylene terephthalate) for ultimate use in fibers, films, and resins. 

The many commercially attractive properties of acetal resins are due in large part to the inherent high crystallinity of the base polymers. Values reported for percentage crystallinity (x ray, density) range from 60 to 77%. The lower values are typical of copolymer. Poly oxymethylene most commonly crystallizes in a hexagonal unit cell (9) with the polymer chains in a 9/5 helix (10,11). An orthorhombic unit cell has also been reported (9). The oxyethylene units in copolymers of trioxane and ethylene oxide can be incorporated in the crystal lattice (12). The nominal value of the melting point of homopolymer is 175°C, that of the copolymer is 165°C. Other thermal properties, which depend substantially on the crystallization or melting of the polymer, are Hsted in Table 1. See also reference 13. 

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