Pollution abatement costs

Air pollution abatement costs Effect of strip mining 1.15 0.73 0.93 0.70 ... 

Additional benefits to be realized from the low wet pick-up foam application method include greater line speed (especially where the dryer represents a bottleneck in the pad process to be replaced), lower pollution abatement costs due to reduced volumes of effluent and exhaust gases and reduced water consunption. 

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Manufacturer s Pollution Abatement Costs and Expenditures, MA200-90-1. U.S. Dept, of Commerce, Washington, DC, 1992. 

Environmental spending the definition of what is environmental cost is not always evident. Pollution abatement costs and other "end-of-pipe" technologies as well as legal compliance costs can certainly be counted as environmental... 

Other factors that favor the choice of the steam ejector are the presence of process materials that can form soflds or require high alloy materials of constmction. Factors that favor the vacuum pump are credits for pollution abatement and high cost steam. The mechanical systems require more maintenance and some form of backup vacuum system, but these can be designed with adequate reflabiUty. 

Airborne particulate matter emissions can, to a great extent, be minimized by pollution prevention and emission control measures. Prevention is frequently more cost-effective than control and, therefore, should be emphasized. Special attention should be given to pollution abatement measures in areas where taxies and buses associated with particulate emissions may pose a significant environmental risk. 

Make no mistake about it - air pollution abatement, especially based upon end-of-pipe treatment technologies is expensive. Not too long ago the prevailing attitude among industry stakeholders was that air pollution control was simply a part of the cost of doing business, and that add-on costs associated with compliance simply had to be passed on to the consumer s purchase price for products. With the intensity of international competition in the chemical and allied industries, this philosophy simply does not cut it anymore. 

James L. Regens, "The Regulatory Environment for Coal Development," in Costs of Coal Pollution Abatement Results of an International Symposium. Paris Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1983. 

Kenneth Warren. Chemical Foundations The Alkali Industry in Britain to 1926. Oxford Clarendon Press, 1980. Source for family shops changing to giant factories Liebig quotation plant sources of alkalis Leblanc s experiment Victorians like Leblanc factories reduction in hydrochloric acid pollution cost of pollution abatement electrolysis and 3 raw material units make 1 unit of product. 

Since the late 1980s, several developed countries have made major public sector commitments to build awareness of cleaner production, also referred to as pollution prevention and waste minimization. These commitments, most notably in Denmark, the Netherlands, the U.K. and the U.S., have led the private sector to investigate and implement pollution prevention measures for existing processes and products. As a result, cleaner production is now seen in these countries as a potentially cost-effective complement to pollution abatement in meeting environmental standards. 

Several changes were made in the plant operation simultaneously with the installation of the pollution abatement system resulting in a total of 2007 USD 130,000 annual savings cost in the drawing operation. The credit of 2007 USD 39,000 annually for increased die life taken for this project is an estimate by the Volco staff.14... 

The multiple-hearth incinerator (Fig. 16-6) can accept sludges containing between 60 and 75% water. The operating costs run between 0.50 and 5.00 per ton of dry solids, with total costs between 8 and 14 per ton. Design information is given in reference 62. When the sludges contain more water, fluidized-bed incinerators are sometimes used. Their operating costs run between 11 and 21 per ton of dry solids and capital costs are 15/ton.6 See reference 63 for more details. All incinerators must have the proper air-pollution abatement devices attached. 

The process engineer dealing with pollution abatement must decide which of the processes that have been described will be used and how these will be arranged. The 1970 costs for a number of systems are given in Table 16-4 along with the percent... 

Optimal pollution abatement exists when marginal benefits and costs are equal, which is the point described by price and quantity... 

The costs of compliance with pollution abatement regulations have been documented in many company, industry, and Government studies. These costs obviously impact on company growth, investment decisions, and allocation of resources among competing company priorities. Such increased costs of company activities impact on technological innovation in several ways. Upgrading of production processes may be postponed. Investments in facilities... 

J.S. Ilirschhorn (Congressional Office of Technology Assessment) as early as 1988 presented a scholarly summary of waste reduction as the ultimate key to pollution abatement, Waste reduction is the only way to save industry some of tire escalating costs of the current waste-management system. The direct costs of waste disposal have increased some 50 times just over the past few years. Hirschhorn listed six steps to waste reduction ... 

The economical comparison between competing energy system should be based on the effective costs of the services these fuels provide. The effective costs include the utilization energy, the east of fuel, and the costs associated with fuel consumption but which are not included in its price (so-called external costs). External costs include the costs of the physical damage done to humans, fauna, flora, and the environment due to harmful emissions, oil spills and leaks, and coal strip mining, as well as governmental expenditures for pollution abatement and expenditures for military protection of oil supplies. 

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