PMMA-based polymer electrolytes

The coloration efficiency (tf) was calculated using absorbance chaises (AA) at 560 nm for BBL and at 522 mn for BBB. The tj values for BBB ECDs decreased as the BBB film thickness increased, whereas an opposite trend was observed for BBL ECDs. Therefore, the electrochemical redox reaction probably does not occur efficiently with a thick BBB film. Lifetime measurements were performed by switching potentials fi om neutral to reduced state. ECDs with PEO and PMMA-based polymer electrolytes produced lifetimes with more than 30,000 switching cycles. Despite their better conductivity, PEO-based polymer electrolyte yielded ECD with shorter lifetimes dian those wifii the PMMA-based electrolyte, since an ECD with PMMA lasted for more than 100,000 switching cycles. Passivation of V2OS, such as the formation of PEO-VaOs con und (7), may be possible during cycling and cause fiiis shorter lifetime. 

Recently, modified NR, such as PMMA-graft-NR (MG) based polymer electrolytes, has drawn the attention of many researchers. " Modified NR has attractive attributes, such as low glass transition temperature, soft elastomer characterization at room temperature and good elasticity. A suitable elasticity can result in a flat and flexible film, providing an excellent contact between an electrolytic layer and an electrode in a battery system. ... 

Ramesh, S., Liew, C.-W., Morris, E., and Durairaj, R. (2010) Effect of PVC on ionic conductivity, crystallographic structural, morphological and thermal characterizations in PMMA-PVC blend-based polymer electrolytes. Thermochim. Acta, 511, 140-146. 

Ramesh, S., Leen, K.H., Kumuth, K., and Arof, A.K. (2007) FTIR studies of PVC/ PMMA blend based polymer electrolytes. Spectrochim. Acta A, 66, 1237-1242. 

The mechanical performance of the PMMA-based gel electrolyte is poor, which limits its application. To solve this problem, the PMMA polymer matrix can be modified by blending, copolymerizing, or cross-linking. 

RAMESH, s., YAHAYA, A.H., AROF, A.K., Miscibility studics of PVC blends (PVC/ PMMA and PVC/PEO) based polymer electrolytes. Solid State Ionics, 2002, 148,483-6. 

A more versatile, new type lithium ion polymer cell, proposed by Spila et. al [11], involved the combination of a polymer elechode, i.e. polypyrrole, pPy, a graphite, C electrode and a poly(methyl methacrylate) PMMA-based gel electrolyte ... 

Gel polymer lithium-ion batteries replace the conventional liquid electrolytes with an advanced polymer electrolyte membrane. These cells can be packed in lightweight plastic packages as they do not have any free electrolytes and they can be fabricated in any desired shape and size. They are now increasingly becoming an alternative to liquid-electrolyte lithium-ion batteries, and several battery manufacturers. such as Sanyo. Sony, and Panasonic have started commercial production.Song et al. have recently reviewed the present state of gel-type polymer electrolyte technology for lithium-ion batteries. They focused on four plasticized systems, which have received particular attention from a practical viewpoint, i.e.. poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). poly (acrylonitrile) (PAN). ° poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). - and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF) based electrolytes. ... 

One method of reducing crystallinity in PEO-based systems is to synthesize polymers in which the lengths of the oxyethylene sequences are relatively short, such as through copolymerization. The most notable hnear copolymer of this type is oxymethylene-linked poly(oxyethylene), commonly called amorphous PEO, or aPEO for short. Other notable polymer electrolytes are based upon polysiloxanes and polyphosphazenes. Polymer blends have also been used for these applications, such as PEO and poly (methyl methacrylate), PMMA. The general performance characteristics of the polymer electrolytes are to have ionic conductivities in the range of cm) or (S/cm). 

SU, A., Sharma, R., Ray, S., 2015. Mechanical and thermal characteristics of PMMA-based nanocomposite gel polymer electrolytes with CNFs dispersion. Surf. Coat. Technol. 271,201-206. 

Hashmi and Upadhyaya compared the electrochemical properties of the electrochemically synthesized MnO /PPy composite electrodes, fabricated with different electrolytes, namely polymer electrolyte film (polyvinyl alcohol [PVA]-HjPO aqueous blend), aprotic liquid electrolyte (LiClO -propylene carbonate [PC]), and polymeric gel electrolyte (poly methyl methacrylate [PMMA]-ethylene carbonate [EC]-PC-NaClO ) [60]. The cell with aqueous PVA-H PO showed non-capacitive behavior owing to some reversible chemical reaction of MnO with water, while the MnO / PPy composite was found to be a suitable electrode material for redox supercapacitors with aprotic (non-aqueous) electrolytes. The solid-state supercapacitor based on the MnO /PPy composite electrodes with gel... 

A new organic/inorganic complementary ECD has recently been described (68) on the basis of the assembly of PEDOT/ITO glass and Prussian blue [PB, iron(III) hexacyanoferrate(II)]/ITO glass substrates with a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-based gel polymer electrolyte (GPE 1M LiC104/propylene carbon-ate/10wt% PMMA). The color states of the PEDOT (blue/colorless) and PB (color-less/blue) films fulfill the complementary requirement. 

Ionic conductivity is a crucial parameter in the classification of polyether/PMMA/ LiCFjSO) systems for use as polym electrolytes in electrochromic "smart windows". For liquid samples (6 and 13vol% of PMMA) conductivities were even high than for pure PEG CF3S03 system (sample PO) and exceeded 10 S/cm at 25" C (Table 1). Conductivity is observed to increase (up to 10 S/cm at around lOCf Q with increase in temperature. In the temperature range 20" C to 10(T C the temperature dependence of cmKluctivity of the blend based electrolytes is VTF and follows... 

Polymer electrolytes in EC-devices reported between 1998 and 2001 (Granqvist, 2003) were e.g., polyethylene oxide (PEO) and (PAMPS) as H+ conducting polymers and Li+ conducting polymers were based e.g., on polymethyl-methaaylate (PMMA) copolymerized with propylene carbonate or poly(ethylene glycol methacrylate) (PEGMA) copolymerized with PEO or poly(vinyhdene fluoride) (PVDF) to which was added an appropriate Li salt to turn them conducting. 

PMMA is amorphous and transparent. It has been applied in optical filters and other optical instruments. Research on its use as an electrolyte was started later than that on the PEO and PAN systems. In 1984, its use as a graft chain of a solid polymer electrolyte based on PEO was reported. This was followed in 1985 by a report on its use as a polymer matrix applied in Li// (CFJ batteries. Subsequently, it has been applied in electronic microdisplays and supercapacitors due to its transparency and electrochemical stability [1]. 

PMMA-based gel polymer electrolytes can be prepared by adding plasticizers in the polymer. Alternatively, they can be obtained by polymerization of the mixture of monomer, initiator, and plasticizers. 

---