Characterization of elastomers

The application of Brillouin scattering to the characterization of elastomers [281-283] is an interesting extension of earlier work on polymers in general [284-287]. It should be quite useful for looking at glassy-state properties of elastomers at very high frequencies. 

Carbon-13 NMR High-Resolution Characterization of Elastomer Systems... 

High resolution nmr spectroscopy of elastomers is a powerful tool for identification and characterization of elastomer systems. The nmr spectra of elastomers in solution are rich in molecular structure details. The information provided... 

Sircar, A.K. Progress in Characterization of Elastomers by Thermal Analysis, Proceedings of the Sagamore Army Materials Research Conference, 1987(1985), 73-115. 

NMR Images and Parameter Maps in Elastomers. NMR of elastomers including NMR imaging appears to address one of the industrially most relevant applications of NMR. Applications of the one- (ID) and two-dimensional (2D) NMR images and parameter maps for characterization of elastomer materials with heterogeneous mesoscopic and macroscopic structure will be reviewed in the following. 

Measurements of stress-strain and swelling are the conventional techniques used for the characterization of elastomers. In order to understand events at the molecular scale from macroscopic measurements, one has to use a theoretical model of the system. This is one of the reasons why the elementary and more advanced models introduced above have been extremely usefiil and popular. Molecular spectroscopy provides a direct means of observing molecular scale. Below, we discuss several spectroscopic techniques for determining stiucture-property relations of elastomers. 

R. F. Grinberg, Characterization of Elastomers Based on Monitoring Ultraslow Dipolar Correlations by NMR , in Modern Magnetic Resonance, Part 3, ed. G. A. Webb, Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 2006, p. 1425. 

Legrand A P, Lecomte N, Vidal A, Haidar B and Papirer E (1992) Application of NMR spectroscopy to the characterization of elastomer/filler interactions, J Appl Polym Sci 46 2223-2232. 

Riesen, R., andBaitels, W., Rapid Quantitative Characterization of Elastomers by Dynamic Load Thermomechanical Analysis, in Proc. 7th Int. Conf. on Thermal Analysis, 2 1050-1056, John Wiley Sons, NY (1982)... 

Roslaniec Z and Wojcikiewicz H (1988) Synthesis and characterization of elastomers based on poly(terephthalate-co-carbonate)s, Polimery 33 360-363. 

FZ Characterization. FZ elastomer is a translucent pale brown gum with a glass-transition temperature, T of —68 to —72 C. The gum can... 

Characterization and understanding of the microstructure become important after hydrogenation and hydroformylation of the nitrile rubber since the amount and distribution of the residual double bonds influence the properties of modified rubber. The conventional analytical tools have been used to characterize the elastomers. Spectroscopy is the most useful technique for determination of the degree of hydrogenation in nitrile rubber. 

Ban H.T., Kase T., Kawabe M., Miyazawa A., Ishihara T., Hagihara H., Tsunogae Y., Murata M. and Shiono T.A. New approach to styrenic thermoplastic elastomers S3Tithesis and characterization of crystalline styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock copolymers. Macromolecules, 39, 171, 2006. 

Puskas, J.E. et al. Synthesis and characterization of novel dendritic (arborescent) polyisobutylene-polystyrene thermoplastic elastomers, J. Polym. Set A, 43, 1811, 2005. 

Liu QY, Tian M, Ding T, Shi R, and Zhang LQ. Preparation and characterization of a biodegradable polyester elastomer with thermal processing abilities. J Appl Polym Sci, 2005, 98, 2033-2041. 

Some small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) techniques have also been applied to elastomers. Examples are the characterization of fillers precipitated into elastomers, and the corresponding incorporation of elastomers into ceramic matrices, in both cases to improve mechanical properties [4,85,213]. 

The synthesis of elastomers by step, chain, and ring-opening polymerizations is reviewed. These reactions are characterized as to the process variables which must be controlled to achieve the synthesis and crosslinking of an elastomer of the required structure. Both radical and ionic chain polymerizations are discussed as well as the structural variations possible through copolymerization and s tereoregularity. 

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