Plume mapping

Farrell, J. A., S. Pang, and W. Li. Plume mapping via hidden Markov methods. Ieee Trans. Syst., Man, and Cybernetics—Part B Cybernetics 33(6), 850-863 (2003). 

Step 3. On the plume map, match the lowest IC25 for each test conducted with the same concentration of the effluent plume to estimate the extent of the effects zone. Step 3. Assign an LTF rating of 1 to 5 to the benthic invertebrate community survey based on the percentage of effluent-related effects compared to the total number of descriptors measured. 

Geophysical techniques can be used for many purposes, such as to (1) map hidden hydrogeologic features, (2) map leachate plumes and zones of... 

Electromagnetic (EM) Conductivity Measures the electrical conductivity of materials in microohms over a range of depths determined by the spacing and orientation of the transmitter and receiver coils, and the nature of the earth materials. Delineates areas of soil and groundwater contamination and the depth to bedrock or buried objects. Surveys to depths of SO to 100 ft are possible. Power lines, underground cables, transformers and other electrical sources severely distort the measurements. Low resistivities of surficial materials makes interpretation difficult. The top layers act as a shunt to the introduction of energy info lower layers. Capabilities for defining the variation of resistivity with depth are limited. In cases where the desired result is to map a contaminated plume in a sand layer beneath a surficial clayey soil in an area of cultural interference, or where chemicals have been spilled on the surface, or where clay soils are present it is probably not worth the effort to conduct the survey. 

Presents model output as dispersion plume overlaid on a map of the area. 

Figure 9.2-2 shows a data input screen in which general characteristics are input by radio buttons and numerical data is typed. The program calculates distances to specified in.sic concentrations and other requested consequence levels automatically. Results are available in a variety of formats including cloud footprints, sideview, cross section, pool evaporation rate, concentration vs distance and heat flux contours. Figure 9.2-3 shows the calculated results as a toxic plume. superimposed on the map with and without oligomerization. 

Geostatistical techniques, such as variography and kriging, have been recently introduced into the environmental sciences (O Although kriging allows mapping of the pollution plume with qualification of the estimation variance, it falls short of providing a truly risk-qualified estimate of the spatial distribution of pollutants. 

Improvement Item Plume models and GIS mapping need to use same coordinates. 

In June 2003, the SeaPup sensor was tested at a site off the Atlantic coast. As was discussed in Section 6.4.3, the SeaPup sensor showed almost an order of magnitude improvement in sensitivity over the SeaDog due to design enhancements incorporated into the system. In addition, the SeaPup responds much more rapidly to TNT than the SeaDog, which is an important advantage for mapping chemical plumes in the marine environment. 

In 2001, the Fido system was modified to operate underwater and became known as the SeaDog. The U.S. Navy Office of Naval Research (ONR), under its Chemical Sensing in the Marine Environment (CSME) Program, funded the integration of the SeaDog with an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV). The integrated system was able to map a plume of trinitrotoluene (TNT) in open water in real time. This was the first demonstration of the mapping of an explosive plume underwater in real time [9, 10],... 

Syage, J. A., and M. N. Ross, An Assessment of the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer for Measuring Ozone Levels in a Solid Rocket Plume, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 3227-3230 (1996). Symonds, R. B W. I. Rose, and M. H. Reed, Contribution of Cl-and F-Bearing Gases to the Atmosphere by Volcanoes, Nature, 334, 415-418 (1988). 

Figure 9. Map of field site at Picatinny Arsenal, NJ showing the location of 10 g/L trichloroethene (TCE) plume boundary, subsurface air pressure and moisture content sampling site, and withdrawal wells for the pump-and-treat remediation system.

Step 1. Determine effluent dilution in the receiving environment through a plume delineation study, and map the effluent plume. Step 1. Assign a rating of 1 to 5 to each sublethal test based on the lowest IC25 subtracted from 100. See Table 1. 

Once illustrated on a map of the effluent plume, the ZPE can be seen visually as larger or smaller than the area of the plume defined by the isopleth for the 1% concentration of effluent (Environment Canada, 1999). The method is flexible in that any number of endpoints/descriptors can be used. However, redundancy in endpoints or descriptors should be scrutinized. 

To describe a zone of potential effect, information about the initial concentration of the effluent, its dilution in the receiving water, and the extent of the 1% plume is required. Some pulp mills calculate a range of concentrations from the outfall to the 1% effluent plume boundary. Tracer studies and additional conductivity measurements taken during field work can support previous plume delineation studies to identify the areas in the receiving waters having effluent concentrations greater than 1 %. The zone of potential effect for a sublethal test result can then be mapped onto the 1 % effluent plume based on where the effluent concentrations are... 

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