Severe distortions

A.irbome Basic Chemical Contamination. A critical, and at-first pu22ling problem, was encountered during early manufacturing trials of CA resists. Sporadically, severely distorted resist profiles would be formed in positive-tone CA resists, displaying what seemed to be a cap on the upper surface of the resist image (Fig. 26). In severe cases this cap or T-top would appear as a kin or cmst over the entire wafer surface that prevented development of the pattern. The magnitude of the effect varied dramatically between laboratories and appeared to grow more severe as the time interval between exposure and post-exposure bake was increased. 

With this approach, when an element becomes severly distorted, it is eliminated from the computational grid and becomes a free mass point. Clearly, care must be taken to avoid eliminating elements that could potentially influence the problem at some later time. An example of a three-dimensional Lagrangian calculation that uses the eroding element scheme is presented in the next section. 

Electromagnetic (EM) Conductivity Measures the electrical conductivity of materials in microohms over a range of depths determined by the spacing and orientation of the transmitter and receiver coils, and the nature of the earth materials. Delineates areas of soil and groundwater contamination and the depth to bedrock or buried objects. Surveys to depths of SO to 100 ft are possible. Power lines, underground cables, transformers and other electrical sources severely distort the measurements. Low resistivities of surficial materials makes interpretation difficult. The top layers act as a shunt to the introduction of energy info lower layers. Capabilities for defining the variation of resistivity with depth are limited. In cases where the desired result is to map a contaminated plume in a sand layer beneath a surficial clayey soil in an area of cultural interference, or where chemicals have been spilled on the surface, or where clay soils are present it is probably not worth the effort to conduct the survey. 

In some cases, the model that results from building may be severely distorted. For example, using Make Bond to transfonn axial methylcyclohexane into bicyclo[2.2.1 ]heptane (norbornane) gives a highly distorted model (the new bond is too long and the ring has the wrong confonnation). 

For fibres and filaments such orientation is desirable, but for solid objects where impact strength is often more important than tensile strength such orientation is usually unwelcome. It can also have further unwanted effects. This arises from the fact that oriented molecules are basically unstable and will at the first opportunity try to coil up. Thus on heating samples up to temperatures near severe distortion can occur leading to warped mouldings. 

It should be pointed out that not all of the iR drop is removed by the potentiostatic control. Some fraction, called iRu (where Ru is the uncompensated solution resistance between the reference and working electrodes) will still be included in the measured potential. This component may be significantly large when resistive nonaqueous media are used, and thus may lead to severe distortion of the... 

Disfavored does not mean it cannot be done—only that it is more difficult than the favored cases. These rules are empirical and have a stereochemical basis. The favored pathways are those in which the length and nature of the linking chain enables the terminal atoms to achieve the proper geometries for reaction. The disfavored cases require severe distortion of bond angles and distances. Many cases in the literature are in substantial accord with these rules, and they are important in the formation of five- and six-membered rings. ... 

If the gain is too high, then the largest signal of solvent in the spectrum will cause ADC overflow, resulting in severe distortions. 

This relationship has been found in spite of the fact that the spherical cage of Ceo has been severely distorted in the region of the defect which could have mitigated against correlations of this sort. This comment also applies to the CroMu isomers below. 

S2Og2- has been used to oxidize Ni2+(aq) in the presence of molybdate ion. The NiIV product obtained was crystallized as (NH4)6[NiMo9032]-6II20 and its crystal structure (determined independently by two groups) revealed a severely distorted octahedral 06 environment for the Ni atom, with an average Ni—O bond length of 1.876(5)A or 1.872(2)A.177,178... 

A single-crystal X-ray analysis of the triphenylphosphine complex [Ni(PPh3)(CS2)]2 has revealed that the complex has the binuclear structure (1017). The complex [Ni(PMe3)2(CS2)2] displays NiPSCS coordination (1018) and is severely distorted from square planar. Of interest is the fact that the SC(S)SC(PMe3)S linkage can be formally described as a condensation product of two molecules of CS2 with one molecule of PMe3.2464... 

Water stability is a major challenge that has to be overcome before metal organic framework can be used in removing carbon dioxide from flue gas. The core structure of MOF reacts with water vapor content in the flue gas leading to severe distortion of the structure and even failure. As a consequence, the physical structure of MOF is changed, e.g., reduction of porosity and surface area, etc. that decreases the capacity and selectivity for C02. Complete dehydration of flue gas increases the cost of separation. It is therefore essential for MOFs to exhibit stability in the presence of water up to certain extent [91]. 

It should be noted that Gaussian multiplication can severely distort peaks and also reduce signal-to-noise of the spectrum so it is not a good idea to do this if you have a very weak spectrum to start with. Spectrum 4.1 shows a real case where Gaussian multiplication has been able to resolve a triplet. Note that it is possible to just make out the triplet nature of the peak in the unmultiplied spectrum - Gaussian multiplication helps verify this and also allows us to measure the splitting pattern. 

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