Plume analysis

Furthermore, a common result of almost all the complex oxides investigated by OES is that a larger fraction of oxides is present at higher oxygen pressures, coinciding with a significant breaking and confinement of the plume 

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B. Karcher, F. Yu, F. P. Schroder and R. P. Turco, Ultrafine aerosol particles in aircraft plumes Analysis... 

Thermal Plume Analysis and Reliability, Maintainability, and Risk. 

Different techniques are nowadays available for growing thin films and heterostructures, which are often integrated in modular systems for cutting-edge in situ characterizations. We have described only three of them, among the most common and advanced techniques, together with two standard in situ characterizations (RHEED and plume analysis). 

Falls City, TX UMTRA (Title I) 4.95 3.94 — Plume analysis comprises tailings pile areas 1,2, 3,4,5,6, and 7. 

The environmental appHcations of infrared spectrometry are many and varied. Many appHcations at industrial sites are analogous to those for on-line process analysis waste streams and recycling processes can be monitored in the same way. Commercial infrared stack-gas monitors are based on either an extractive probe attached to a long-path gas ceU or an open-path (across stack) configuration (69). Stack plume and flare monitoring can be done externally... 

Elastic scattering is also the basis for Hdar, in which a laser pulse is propagated into a telescope s field of view, and the return signal is collected for detection and in some cases spectral analysis (14,196). The azimuth and elevation of the scatterers (from the orientation of the telescope), their column density (from the intensity), range (from the temporal delay), and velocity (from Doppler shifts) can be deterrnined. Such accurate, rapid three-dimensional spatial information about target species is useful in monitoring air mass movements and plume transport, and for tracking aerosols and pollutants (197). 

Briggs, G. A., Plume rise predictions, in "Lectures on Air Pollution and Environmental Impact Analysis" (D. A. Haugen, ed.). American Meteorological Society, Boston, 1975. Chapter 3 (59-111). 

Thus, based on the above, it is not surprising that even under the best conditions an uncertainty factor of approximately 2 is likely in estimates of the plume rise. Despite this somewhat pessimistic introduction, estimations of plume rise are worthwhile and an integral part of the dispersion analysis. Table 2 presents some of the well-known plume rise formulas used in different model approaches. The two major controlling variables which appear in many, if not all, of the plume rise formulas surveyed are ... 

This technique permits estimation of the volumetric flow rate at any level above a source, provided that the result is matched to the gravitational fume acceleration terms applicable near the source. The result of such an analysis is shown in Fig. 13.30. The emission flow rate from an electric arc tapping process has been estimated at any level above the steel ladle using the stopwatch technique in conjunction with the plume theory. 

Recent developments in the field-testing procedure have demonstrated that a motor-driven 35-mm camera at up to three frames per second produces superior results to a movie camera.The analysis of the film is carried nut by scaling the distance that fume advances from one consecutive photogi aph to the next. The diameter of the plume as a function of the distance above the source can be scaled directly off the photograph. 

Groundwater pollution problems, however, are modeled using a two dimensional analysis. A typical aquifer has area dimensions that are much hirger than the vertical dimension. Therefore, chemictils dissolved in the groundwater aclticvc ertical uniformity a short distance from the source and the chemical plume will move in the lateral and longitudinal directions. 

Atmosphere releases may form relatively still clouds, or they may plume and trail with the wind, or they may jet high into the atmosphere before forming a cloud, all depending to some extent on the unit. Wells [53] presents a thorough analysis of these phenomena. 

J Ranucci. Dynamic plume-particle size analysis using laser diffraction. Pharm Technol 16 109-114, 1992. 

The desorption laser can be tracked across the surface of the meteorite so the plume of molecules can be associated directly with internal structures and morphology on the meteorite surface. The internal morphology of a meteorite is accessed by cleaving the sample in an ultraclean environment to prevent terrestrial contamination, followed by the laser desorption analysis. Nearly all meteorites have been studied in this way producing a mature field of research, however, the details of just two meteorites will be discussed in some detail. The Murchison and ALH84001 meteorites have provoked considerable interest, particularly the Antarctic meteorite ALH84001, which was the subject of a NASA announcement regarding life on Mars. 

Steward (1964) [4] and (1970) [5] presented a rigorous but implicit approximate analysis for both axisymmetric and two-dimensional strip fire plumes respectively, including combustion and variable density effects. 

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