Platinum electrocatalysis

Mukeijee S. 1990. Particle-size and structural effects in platinum electrocatalysis. J Appl Electrochem 20 537-548. 

Shukla AK, Ravikumar MK, Roy A, Barman SR, Sarma DD, Aricd AS, et al. Electrooxidation of methanol in sulfuric acid electrolyte on platinized-carbon electrodes with several functional-group characteristics. J Electrochem Soc 1994 141 1517-22. Mukeijee S. Particle size and structural effects in platinum electrocatalysis. J Appl Electrochem 1990 20 537-48. 

One factor contributing to the inefficiency of a fuel ceU is poor performance of the positive electrode. This accounts for overpotentials of 300—400 mV in low temperature fuel ceUs. An electrocatalyst that is capable of oxygen reduction at lower overpotentials would benefit the overall efficiency of the fuel ceU. Despite extensive efforts expended on electrocatalysis studies of oxygen reduction in fuel ceU electrolytes, platinum-based metals are stiU the best electrocatalysts for low temperature fuel ceUs. 

A period of high research activity in electrocatalysis began after it had been shown in 1963 that fundamentally, an electrochemical oxidation of hydrocarbon fuel can be realized at temperatures below 150°C. This work produced a number of important advances. They include the discovery of synergistic effects in platinum-ruthenium catalysts used for the electrochemical oxidation of methanol. 

Muketjee S, Srinivasan S. 1993. Enhanced electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction on platinum alloys in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. J Electroanal Chem 357 201-224. 

In the electron transfer theories discussed so far, the metal has been treated as a structureless donor or acceptor of electrons—its electronic structure has not been considered. Mathematically, this view is expressed in the wide band approximation, in which A is considered as independent of the electronic energy e. For the. sp-metals, which near the Fermi level have just a wide, stmctureless band composed of. s- and p-states, this approximation is justified. However, these metals are generally bad catalysts for example, the hydrogen oxidation reaction proceeds very slowly on all. sp-metals, but rapidly on transition metals such as platinum and palladium [Trasatti, 1977]. Therefore, a theory of electrocatalysis must abandon the wide band approximation, and take account of the details of the electronic structure of the metal near the Fermi level [Santos and Schmickler, 2007a, b, c Santos and Schmickler, 2006]. 

Chang SC, Leung LWH, Weaver MJ. 1990. Metal crystallinity effects in electrocatalysis as prohed hy real-time ETIR spectroscopy electrooxidation of formic acid, methanol, and ethanol on ordered low-index platinum surfaces. J Phys Chem 94 6013-6021. 

Chang SC, Ho Y, Weaver MJ. 1992. Applications of real-time infrared spectroscopy to electrocatalysis at bimetallic surfaces. I. Electrooxidation of formic acid and methanol on bismuth-modified platinum (111) and platinum (100). Surf Sci 265 81-94. 

Femandez-Vega A, Feliu JM, Aldaz A, Clavilier J. 1991. Heterogeneous electrocatalysis on well-deflned platinum surfaces modifled by controlled amounts of irreversibly adsorbed adatoms Part IV. Formic acid oxidation on the Pt(lll)-As system. J Electroanal Chem 305 229-240. 

Lebedeva NP, Rodes A, Feliu JM, Koper MTM, van Santen RA. 2002b. Role of crystalline defects in electrocatalysis CO adsorption and oxidation on stepped platinum electrodes as studied by in situ infrared spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 106 9863-9872. 

Clues for the Molecular-Level Understanding of Electrocatalysis on Single-Crystal Platinum Surfaces Modified by p-Block Adatoms... 

Jarvi TD, Stuve EM. 1998. Fundamental aspects of vacuum and electrocatalytic reactions of methanol and formic acid on platinum surfaces. In Lipkowski J, Ross PN, eds. Electrocatalysis. New York Wiley-VCH. pp. 75-153. 

Motoo S, Watanabe M. 1980. Electrocatalysis by ad-atoms Part VII. Enhancement of CO oxidation on platinum by As ad-atoms. J Electroanal Chem 111 261-268. 

Mukeijee S, Srinivasan S. 1993. Enhanced electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction on platinum alloys in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. J Electroanal Chem 357 201-224. Mukeijee S, Srinivasan S, Soriaga M, McBreen J. 1995. Role of structural and electronic properties of Pt and Pt alloys on electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction. J Electrochem Soc 142 1409-1422. 

Antolini E, Passos RR, Ticianelh EA. 2002. Electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction on a carbon supported platinum-vanadium alloy in polymer electrol3de fuel cells. Electrochim Acta 48 263-270. 

Watanabe M, Motoo S. 1975a. Electrocatalysis by ad-atoms. Part in. Enhancement of the oxidation of carbon monoxide on platinum by mthenium ad-atoms. J Electroanal Chem 60 275-283. 

Watanabe M, Shibata M, Motoo S. 1985. Electrocatalysis hy ad-atoms. PartXn. Enhancement of carbon monoxide oxidation on platinum electrodes by oxygen adsorbing ad-atoms (Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb and Bi). J Electroanal Chem 187 161-174. 

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