Plate construction stacked plates

A beam from an actual sample will require a more elaborate slit S3rstem for collimation if the sample is broad. The Soller slit (Figure 4-7), a stack of thin parallel plates, is such a system. The reasoning that supports this construction is as follows. Were the sample a point or a line source, a slit between sample and crystal or a slit between crystal and detector would be enough for satisfactory collimation. With a two-dimensional sample, both slits would be needed to get this done. But this arrangement is wasteful of emitted intensity because the detector sees the sample as a line source. To use all the sample area effectively, a system of parallel slits is needed. To eliminate the divergent rays in such a system, the slits must be extended in the direction of the beam, and this leads to the parallel-plate construction in the Seller slit system. 

Two basically different types of plate construction are used. Large-diameter plates are normally constructed in sections, supported on beams. Small plates are installed in the column as a stack of pre-assembled plates. 

The concentric separation-layer micro mixer is constructed as an assembly of stacked plates for feed supply with three tubes, performing lamination for mixing, set into one another (see Figure 1.116) [39, 53, 136-138] (see also [135]). The tubes are inserted into a frit. The three feed lines are each connected to a tube. In this way, a tri-layered concentric fluidic system is achieved. Besides mixing three solutions, a major application for the device is to separate the two fluids to be mixed by a separation layer, usually being the solvent of the two solutions. This is to delay the mixing process in order to avoid unwanted fouling problems at the mixer outlet This is particularly valuable for spontaneous precipitation reactions which are the main field of application of the mixer. 

Motorola, Polystor, Danionics, Philips and Sony have developed several other polymer-based LiPB systems. These are in various stages of commercial development but little is known about the production details. PolyStor [17,18] has initiated commercial production under a license for the Motorola technology. It uses a PVdF binder but eliminates the extraction step of the Bellcore process. This process can be adapted for the wound constructions as well as for the stacked flat plate constructions. Another technology has... 

The filter structure consists of a stack of plates attached to a hollow shaft which are mounted inside a pressure vessel with each plate covered with a suitable filter medium. The slurry is fed under pressure into the vessel and the cake, which is retained by the filter medium, forms on the top of each plate whilst the filtrate passes through the hollow shaft further to the process. Filter sizes may vary but generally the maximum is 60 m area and designed for a 6 bar operating pressure. Each circular plate in the stack is constructed with radial ribs that are welded to the bottom and support a horizontal coarse mesh screen which is covered with a finer woven metal screen or filter cloth to retain the cake. The bottom of the plate slopes towards the hollow central shaft which lets the filtrate flow freely through circumferential holes and further down the shaft to the filtrate outlet. The clearance between the plates is maintained by special spacers with "o" rings to positively seal between the slurry that surrounds the plates and the shaft that collects the filtrate. The height of the spacers determine the clearance for cake build-up and may be replaced to meet various process conditions. 

A laminate is a bonded stack of laminae with various orientations of principal material directions in the laminae as in Figure 1-9. Note that the fiber orientation of the layers in Figure 1-9 is not symmetric about the middle surface of the laminate. The layers of a laminate are usually bonded together by the same matrix material that is used in the individual laminae. That is, some of the matrix material in a lamina coats the surfaces of a lamina and is used to bond the lamina to its adjacent laminae without the addition of more matrix material. Laminates can be composed of plates of different materials or, in the present context, layers of fiber-reinforced laminae. A laminated circular cylindrical shell can be constructed by winding resin-coated fibers on a removable core structure called a mandrel first with one orientation to the shell axis, then another, and so on until the desired thickness is achieved. 

Figure 1.26 Large-capacity heat exchanger, e g. for use on oil platforms, constructed from diffusion-bonded plate stacks comprising a vast number of millimeter-sized channels. This apparatus was manufactured by Heatric (Poole, UK).

This separation layer mixer is constructed as an assembly of stacked stainless-steel plates having three tubes [48], These tubes are placed into each other and are inserted into a fit. The plates contain three feeding lines for reactants 1 and 2 as well... 

The stacked type of construction is used where the column diameter is too small for a man to enter to assemble the plates, say less than 1.2 m (4 ft). Each plate is fabricated... 

One common construction consists of mica plates carrying fired-on silver electrodes stacked and clamped together to form a set of capacitors connected in parallel. The assembly is encapsulated in a thermosetting resin to provide protection against the ingress of moisture which would increase both the capacitance and tan <5. 

To achieve an even higher degree ofnumberingup, a modular microbubble column reactor was developed that contains a stack of microstructured plates. The construction encompasses five different assembly groups, a cylindrical inner housing, which... 

---