Plastics container evaluation

Similar considerations are relevant to protection of products that are labile to oxidative degradation. The permeability of plastic containers to oxygen ingress has also been evaluated, and is summarised in Table 2.9 [102]. 

For many applications low-temperature flexibility of the plasticized composition is also important. Plasticizers of low viscosity and low viscosity-temperature gradient are usually effective at low temperature. There is also a close relationship betv/een rate of oil extraction and low-temperature flexibility plasticizers effective at low temperature are usually rather readily extracted from the resin. Plasticizers containing linear alkyl chains are generally more effective at low temperature than those containing rings. Low-temperature performance is evaluated by measuremen t of stiffness in flexure or torsion or by measurement of second-order transition point, brittle point or peak dielectric loss factor. 

DEHP exposure of humans might result from intravenous administration of blood that has been stored in plastic containers, or through hemodialysis. Under situations such as these, in which DEHP is introduced directly into the blood, it is possible to evaluate exposure by measuring blood DEHP concentrations. DEHP metabolites, MEHP and phthalic acid, are also measured in the blood to determine exposure from medical products or devices (Barry et al. 1989 Sjoberg and Bondesson 1985). If the total amount of phthalate is to be monitored, the phthalate esters are first de-esterified (Liss et al. 1985). Techniques that measure total phthalic acid are not specific for DEHP exposure since other alkyl phthalic acid esters that are used as plasticizers will also produce phthalic acid after de-esterification. 

Large Volume Parenterals (LVP) Similar evaluations as described for SVPs should be conducted. In addition, if plastic containers are used, volume and extractables data should be evaluated. Another important parameter to consider, if applicable, is the maintenance of adequate preservative levels over the expiration dating period. 

Effects of Temperature on Physical Crosslinks Induced by Crystallites. All five RIM elastomers, containing different amounts of rigid segments, and four RIM elastomers A, modified with a plasticizer, were evaluated for crosslink densities by stress relaxation method at a low extension of 50% and at three temperatures of 25°C, 50°C, and 100 C. Crosslink densities, c, were calculated using Equation 6 ... 

Nebulizer solutions are typically filled as unit dosages in plastic containers. The latter uses blow-fill-seal technology [33]. Thus drug formulation compatibility with plastics is an important factor. Characterization of any sorption processes of plasticizer, monomer, and extractables or leachables is critical during long-term product-evaluation studies. Such sterile unit-dose formulations, in essence, do not require chemical preservation. 

The following is a suggested programme for the evaluation of a plastic container for a liquid multidose injection product (not lyophilised). 

To illustrate the data analysis approaches discussed above, an example of CATA smdy with 60 consumers. Six commercial samples of plain yoghurt (Samples A to F) available in the Uruguayan marketplace were evaluated. Twenty grams of each sample were served to assessors at 10°C in closed, odourless plastic containers labelled with three-... 

Guart A, Bono-Blay F, BorreU A, Lacorte S. Migration of plasticizers phthalates, bisphenol A and alkylphenols from plastic containers and evaluation of risk. Food Addit Contam 2011 28 (5) 1-10. 

Environmental impacts of sustainable plastic containers can be determined with the LCA information and the definitions of sustainable plastics. The sustainable plastic containers can be made of recycled plastic or biobased plastics. The end-of-life for the plastic is either recycled or composted. Thus, polystyrene is not considered because sufficient recycled plastic is not available. As a comparison, virgin PET is evaluated for LCA. Recycled PET and biobased PLA can be compared for clear sustainable plastic containers. The LCA information from Madival et al. 2009 is used as a starting point. Then, WARM model from ERA is... 

The first experiment assessed whether diet manipulations affect the repellency of a predator urine to several prey species. Four rodents served as subjects mountain beaver, house mice, deer mice and guinea pigs. Urine was collected from coyotes maintained on cantaloupe (CU) for 2 weeks and then from the same coyotes fed minced raw meat (MU) for two weeks. Test procedures were similar for all species, though food and deprivation schedules varied. On each of 2 pretreatment days, animals were given their respective foods in cups containing perforated containers with a piece of absorbent paper treated with 1 ml of tap water. On the 2 treatment days that followed, the animals were given the same foods, but the absorbent paper was treated with 1 ml of either CU or MU. Urine samples (1 ml) were pipetted onto pieces of absorbent paper placed inside small (38 mm diameter x 8 mm) perforated plastic containers. For all individuals of each species, the left-right position of CU urine samples was randomly determined on day 1, and then reversed on day 2. The data for each species was evaluated separately in a two-factor repeated measures ANOVA. In each case, urine type was the main effect, with the animals nested within urine type and the repeated measure was days. 

Green T, Swain C, Van Miller JP et al (2003) Absorption, bioavailability, and metabolism of para-nonylphenol in the rat. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 38(1) 43-51 Guart A, Bono-Blay F, Borrell A et al (2011) Migration of plasticizers phthalates, bisphenol A and alkylphenols from plastic containers and evaluation of risk. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 28(5) 676-685 Guenther K, Heinke V, Thiele B et al (2002) Endocrine disrupting nonylphenols are ubiquitous in food. Environ Sci Technol 36(8) 1676-1680... 

Of historical interest may be the use of a half dollar coin (the lighter weight 250 not as efficient). During the early 1940s the coin tap test was used very successfully in evaluating the performances of plastics, particularly RP primary aircraft structures. With a good ear (human hearing ear) there was (and is) a definite different sound between a satisfactory and unsatisfactory RP product. The unsatisfactory product would contain voids, delaminations, defects in fiber distribution, etc. In... 

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