Plasticizers, paints

Environmental Impact of Ambient Ozone. Ozone can be toxic to plants, animals, and fish. The lethal dose, LD q, for albino mice is 3.8 ppmv for a 4-h exposure (156) the 96-h LC q for striped bass, channel catfish, and rainbow trout is 80, 30, and 9.3 ppb, respectively. Small, natural, and anthropogenic atmospheric ozone concentrations can increase the weathering and aging of materials such as plastics, paint, textiles, and mbber. For example, mbber is degraded by reaction of ozone with carbon—carbon double bonds of the mbber polymer, requiring the addition of aromatic amines as ozone scavengers (see Antioxidants Antiozonants). An ozone decomposing polymer (noXon) has been developed that destroys ozone in air or water (157). 

Rheology is the science of the deformation and flow of matter. It is concerned with the response of materials to appHed stress. That response may be irreversible viscous flow, reversible elastic deformation, or a combination of the two. Control of rheology is essential for the manufacture and handling of numerous materials and products, eg, foods, cosmetics, mbber, plastics, paints, inks, and drilling muds. Before control can be achieved, there must be an understanding of rheology and an ability to measure rheological properties. 

Antimony Compounds. The greatest use of antimony compounds is in flame retardants (qv) for plastics, paints, textiles, and mbber. Antimony compounds used in flame retardants are antimony pentoxide, sodium antimonate [15593-75-6] Na[Sb(OH) ], and, most importantly, antimony trioxide. These compounds, when used alone, are poor flame retardants however, when combined with halogen compounds, they produce mixtures that are effective. 

CdS colorants find use in plastics, paints, soaps, mbber, paper, glass, printing inks, ceramic gla2es, textiles, and fireworks. Luminescent pigments based on CdS—ZnS are also produced. Pigments based on CdS sell for 35—60/kg. The redder materials are more expensive. 

Table 10. Furnace Process Special Grades for Pigment Applications in Inks, Plastics, Paints, and Paper...

A soft, gritty amorphous silica composed of minute siliceous skeletons of small aquatic plants. Used in filtration and decoloration of liquids, insulation, filler in dynamite, wax, textiles, plastics, paint, and rubber. Calcined and flux-calcined diatomaceous earth contains appreciable amounts of cristobalite, and dust levels should be the same as for cristobalite. 

As examples, iron and steel are attacked by the elements of weather but the common practice of coating these with protective plastic paints and then forgetting their susceptibility to attack is all too prevalent. Wood and concrete are useful materials, yet who has not seen a rotted board and cracked concrete. Does this lack of perfection mean that no steel, wood, or concrete should be used Of course not. The same reasoning should apply to plastics. In many respects, the gains made with plastics in a short span of time far outdistance the advances made in other technologies. 

Many plastic products are decorated to make them multi-colored, add distinctive logos, or allow them to imitate wood, metal and other materials. Some plastic products are painted since their as-molded appearance is not satisfactory, as may be the case with reinforced, filled or foamed plastics. Painting or coating is also for product protection. The following section will discuss some of the secondary operations frequently used with plastics. Since plastics vary widely in their ability to be machined and to accept finishes,... 

Gooch [4] has reported general deformulation schemes for solid paints and coatings, liquid paints, solid plastics, liquid plastic specimens, solid and liquid adhesives, in which preliminary examination (by OM, SEM, EDXRA) is followed by separation of the individual components and their subsequent identification (Scheme 2.9). Gooch employs different deformulation schemes for solid and liquid specimens, but essentially identical approaches for plastics, paints, adhesives and inks (Scheme 2.10). 

Samples which cannot be frozen or which do not need to be frozen, such as soils intended for elemental analysis, plastics, paints or any other samples where both the matrix and the analyte are non-volatile and stable at ambient temperatures, are usually stored at 0 to 5°C. It may not even be necessary to refrigerate the sample, as many are stable at room temperature. 

Torun,Institute of Plastics Processing Gliwice,Institute of Plastics Paint Industry)... 

Hydrogen is a primary chemical feedstock in the production of gasoline, fuel oils, lubricants, fertilizers, plastics, paints, detergents, electronics and pharmaceutical products. It is also an excellent metallurgical refining agent and an important food preservative. 

P.Y.139 is a reddish yellow pigment, used in plastics, paints, and printing inks. The commercial types exhibit a wide variety of particle size distributions and accordingly demonstrate very different coloristic properties, which is especially true for the hiding power. The opaque version is considerably redder. Incorporated in a paint, it is less viscous, which makes it possible to increase the pigment concentration without affecting the gloss of the product. 

Hot plastic paints Cold plastic paints Triorganotins... 

Acetic acid, CH3COOH, can be made by the oxidation of acetaldehyde, CH3CHO by catalytic addition of CO to methanol or by butane oxidation. Most acetic acid is used to make vinyl acetate or cellulose acetate, which are the intermediates for plastics, paints, adhesives, yarn, and cigarette filters. 

Common solvent in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries used in the production of lubricating oils and as intermediary in the manufacture of chloroform and in the manufacture of plastics, paints, varnishes and cosmetics. 

Aromatic hydrocarbons (toluene, xylenes, ethyl benzene, trimethylbenzenes, styrene, benzene) Insulation, textiles, disinfectants, plastics, paints, smoking... 

Preservative for cosmetics, paints, resins vinyl plastics, plasticizers Fungicide for plastics, paints, resins... 

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