Plasticizers for PVC

Esters of these acids are used as plasticizers for PVC (polyvinylchloride) and other plastics. 

There are three major measurements used in judging TPU as a polymeric plasticizer for PVC the glass transition temperature (Tg), the compatibility with PVC, and the degree of crystallinity. 

Another fact that affects the properties of the blends is the degree of crystallinity of TPU. TPUs with a high degree of crystallinity cannot serve as plasticizer for PVC. 

Azolides used as promotors in the anionic polymerization of lactams,1231,1241 and as plasticizers for PVC 1251... 

Epoxy phosphate esters, 10 383-384 Epoxy plasticizers, for PVC polymers, 25 674... 

Waldo Semon patented the use of tricresyl phosphate as a plasticizer for PVC in 1933. This was later replaced by the less toxic di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DOP), which is now the most widely used plasticizer. The worldwide production of plasticizer is on the order of 3.2 million tons annually. Volume-wise, about 90% of the plasticizers are used with PVC and PVC-containing systems. 

Since cellulose nitrate is intractable, in 1870 John W. Hyatt added camphor as a plasticizer to flexibilize this plastic. Some 60 years later, Waldo Semon used tricresyl phosphate as a plasticizer for PVC. Dialkyl phthalates, such as dioctyl phthalate (DOP) and other alkyl phthalates which replaced the more toxic tricresyl phosphate, are now used as plasticizers primarily for PVC at an annual rate of 1 million tons. 

There are several plasticizers for PVC that may be used in propellants. Weil (19) mentions sebacates, phthalates, adipates, and glycol esters of higher fatty acids as being desirable. Dibutyl sebacate, dioctyl sebacate, and 2-ethylhexyl adipate are all good. The plasticizer has a most important effect on the physical properties of the cured propellant and the variation of these properties with temperature. Long chain, aliphatic plasticizers impart improved low temperature flexibility, and hence are preferable to aromatic plasticizers such as the phthalates. An increase in plasticizer viscosity leads to an increase in viscosity of the mixed pro-... 

There is no doubt that this dispersion effect occurs but the magnitude of the spectral differences appear in most cases to be considerably larger than would be predicted by dispersion effects. For example, the poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) blend has been studied 252,253) and for this system the refractive indices are identical. In this case, there are obvious frequency shifts and broadening of the carbonyl band as a function of PVC concentration as shown in (Fig. 21). Nine percent of the original area of the carbonyl peak is involved in the shifted frequency absorption. Clearly, for this system, chemical interaction effects are being observed. In fact, PCL can be viewed as a macromolecular plasticizer for PVC. The blend system polyO-propiolactone) PPL and PVC was studied 2S3). In contrast to the PCL/PVC system, the PPL/PVC system was incompatible over the entire range of compositions. 

The esters prepared by the direct esterification of olefins were designed, as we mentioned at the outset, for potential use as plasticizers for PVC resin. Several... 

Another very important property of plasticizers for PVC resins is the ability to act as a dispersing medium for polyvinyl chloride plastisols. The performance of the particular plasticizer in a plastisol application depends to a great extent on a property known as its viscosity stability. The stability of the plastisol to viscosity build up is the manifestation of the solvating effects of the plasticizer, and thus, those materials with higher solvating efficiency tend to display an increase in plastisol viscosity on standing. Figure 3 is the plot of the viscosity stability of PVC o-phthalate ester plastisol compositions and, in essence, compares the alcohol-derived plasticizers with that of the olefin-derived plasticizer. The data show that... 

Chlorinated wax is considered a secondary plasticizer for PVC because it has limited compatibility 11) and low plasticizer efficiency, compared with primary plasticizers such as dioctyl phthalate. It has good permanence properties—for... 

Another market application for naphthenic acid is the lire industry, where cobalt naphthenate is used as an adhesion promoter. Naphthenic acid esters have been repeatedly cited as surfactants, lubricants, and replacements for phthalates as plasticizers for PVC resins. 

Use of n-butanol in the manufacture of a wide range of plasticizers for PVC and/or other coatings resins represents about 8 percent of domestic demand for alcohol. The principal end use products involved include ... 

Butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) is by far the largest volume outlet for n-butanol in the plasticizer market. Monsanto is the world s principal supplier of this fast fusing plasticizer for PVC resin. BBP has become a key plasticizer in vinyl flooring compositions as a result of its stain resistance and processability. 

The only remaining use of any importance is the manufacture of a number of specialty phthalate plasticizers for PVC and other resin systems. Plasticizers account for about 8 percent of demand and the remaining 10 percent involve a variety of miscellaneous applications. 

The use of monohydric alcohol esters as PVC plasticizers had its beginning in the decade of the thirties. Plasticization of PVC was first demonstrated by W. D. Semon of B. F. Goodrich(1). Semon s patent gave examples of plasticizers such as dibutyl phthalate and other unrelated compounds. However, the claims were limited to non specific aromatic substances, liquid aromatic nitro compounds, and specific aromatic nitro compounds. The first commercially used plasticizers for PVC were those already available and used as cellulosic plasticizers, such as the monohydric alcohol ester—dibutyl phthalate. 

The volume leaders among fire retardants with 35 million pounds were the three phosphate plasticizers for PVC tricresyl phosphate, cresyl diphenyl phosphate and triphenyl phosphate. The remaining 6 million pounds were made up of octyl diphenyl phosphate, tributyl phosphate, tri(dibromopropyl) phosphate, tri(dichloropropyl) phosphate and tri-(chloroethyl) phosphate. Polymeric phosphorus and phosphorus halogen-containing additives are used in concentrations of 3-25 p.p.h. in polyesters, flexible and rigid polyurethane foam, and phenolics. 

The moderate random chlorination of polyethylene suppresses crystallinity and yields chlorinated polyethylene elastomer (CPE), a rubber-like material that can be crosslinked with organic peroxides. The chlorine (Cl) content is in the range of 36 to 42%, compared to 56.8% for PVC. Such elastomer has good heat and oil resistance. It is also used as a plasticizer for PVC. They provide a very wide range of properties from soft/elastomeric too hard. They have inherent oxygen and ozone resistance, resist plasticizers, volatility, weathering, and compared to PEs have improved resistance to chemical extraction. Products do not fog at high temperatures as do PVCs and can be made flame retardant. 

PLASTICIZERS FOR PVC OF THE PYROMELLITIC CLASS. II. HIGHER MIXED ESTERS... 

The largest volume hydroformylation reaction converts propylene into n-butyraldehyde, from which is made 1-butanol for solvents, or 2-ethylhexanol (the phthalate ester of which has been widely used as a plasticizer for PVC) via an aldol condensation. Estimated world production of butanol is approaching 2 Mt/a. 

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