Plastic processing technologies pressure forming

Prior to 1975, reaction of mixed butenes with syn gas required high temperatures (160—180°C) and high pressures 20—40 MPa (3000—6000 psi), in the presence of a cobalt catalyst system, to produce / -valeraldehyde and 2-methylbutyraldehyde. Even after commercialization of the low pressure 0x0 process in 1975, a practical process was not available for amyl alcohols because of low hydroformylation rates of internal bonds of isomeric butenes (91,94). More recent developments in catalysts have made low pressure 0x0 process technology commercially viable for production of low cost / -valeraldehyde, 2-methylbutyraldehyde, and isovaleraldehyde, and the corresponding alcohols in pure form. The producers are Union Carbide Chemicals and Plastic Company Inc., BASF, Hoechst AG, and BP Chemicals. 

Leading the processing growth was the expansion of twin-sheet and pressure-formed plastic products. Fueled mostly by advances in mold technology, material developments, and thermoforming machinery capabilities, technology improvements in the form of machine controls have led to machine designs that are faster and more consistent than was previously possible. As an example advanced materials and... 

Hydroforming Hydroforming is one of the new technologies in the manufacturing processes that has become popular in recent years due to the increasing demands for lightweight parts in various fields, such as bicycle, automotive, aircraft, and aerospace industries [ 1 ]. In hydroforming process, workpieces are uniformly plastically formed (stretched) in every direction under hydrostatic pressure up to 6000 bar (mostly up to 2500-3000 bar) of a fluid (water or oil) in a controlled manner. The final shape of the hydroformed piece results from the contact with the process fluid from one side and with a male or female die from the other side. 

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