Plants immune reaction

It is of interest that the activation of POs often takes place in stomata guard cells, since P. infestans mainly penetrates into plant tissues through stomata slits. The localisation of phenolic compounds - some of them seemingly being used by POs as a substrate - and PO activity was visible in guard cells. (Maksimov et al., 2011). As such, the immune reaction occurred in close proximity to pathogen structures. 

Local infection of a plant will stimulate the development of natural defense mechanisms often resulting in an immune reaction toward a variety of pathogens. Certain chemicals can also trigger the same biochemical reactions in plants. Among the chemicals found to induce this systemic acquired resistance (SAR) are thieno[2,3-rf [ 1,2,3]-thiadiazoles 195 <1999JPR341>. 

Glycoproteins produced in nonhuman cells such as plant cells and yeast cells may have a modified glycan structure. Although natural antibodies exist that react with nonhuman glycan structures [18], there is no example of an immune reaction that was mounted to modified glycan structure of a therapeutic protein. 

All recombinant as well as monomeric forms of native esterases tested so far have a relatively low mean residence time in the circulation of mice. " Therefore, in their present form they are not suitable as scavengers of OP. This is discussed in detail later in the chapter. In general, only the tetrameric forms of plasma-derived ChE appear to have relatively long residence times in animals. Enzymes isolated from animal species or from plant or bacterial sources may not be suitable for use in humans, for they will cause adverse immune reaction. At the present time, HuBChE appears to be the most suitable bioscavenger enzyme for human use. Notably, the stabihty of exogenously administered HuBChE was determined in individuals identified as... 

Edwards and Jones (31) identified the condensed tannin extracted from cotton plant bracts as a tannin-like polymer of 5, 7, 3, 4 tetrahydroxyflaven 3-4 diol (THF). They demonstrated nonspecific precipitation with IgG, IgM, IgA, five myeloma IgG s and positive gel diffusion reactions with heavy and light chains. Fab and Fc pieces of IgG. Nevertheless, they refuted this reaction as a true antigen-antibody reaction, and subsequently suggested that byssinosis was not an immune complex mediated pulmonary disease. 

Echinacea appears to be a very safe herb, producing only minor gastrointestinal (GI) side effects and an occasional allergic reaction, usually in atopic patients already sensitized to other members of the Compositae plant family. Anaphylaxis has occurred rarely. Use in HFV is discouraged because of the concern that long-term therapy may eventually suppress the immune system. 

The question also arises as to whether there is a potential allergenicity risk for people who happen to inhale or topically receive pollen from genetically engineered plants (indirect contact) that may then cause an allergic reaction or immunity (Davies, 2005). Since the proteins produced in plants tend to be highly specific, the risk to human health is negligible (Goldstein and Thomas, 2004). 

Echinacea is derived from the root and seeds of the Echinacea plant that grows in parts of the Midwestern United States. This herb is used primarily to stimulate or support the immune system, and is often used to treat cold symptoms and other relatively minor respiratory tract infections.8 38 Although the exact reasons for beneficial effects are unclear, there is considerable evidence that echinacea preparations can reduce symptoms of the common cold when taken soon after symptoms appear.5,71 The ability of echinacea to prevent colds and other infections, however, is less well defined.49 Echinacea can also be administered topically to treat burns and other localized wounds. The most common side effects associated with echinacea are gastrointestinal (GI) upset, skin rash, and other allergic or hypersensitivity reactions.36... 

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