Satellite plants

Instrument and Plant Air Systems. A typical setup for a large plant could include three to four 50% instrument air compressors and two 100% plant air compressors, with steam drives for normally operated units and electrical drives for spares. Common practice would provide an interconnection to allow makeup from plant air into instrument air, but not vice versa, and two sets (two 100% driers per set—one on-stream and one regenerating) of 1007c instrument air driers. Two main receivers on instrument air near the compressors with several minutes holdup time and satellite receivers at process trains would be likely and proper for feasibility cost estimating. 

A nucleic acid can never code for a single protein molecule that is big enough to enclose and protect it. Therefore, the protein shell of viruses is built up from many copies of one or a few polypeptide chains. The simplest viruses have just one type of capsid polypeptide chain, which forms either a rod-shaped or a roughly spherical shell around the nucleic acid. The simplest such viruses whose three-dimensional structures are known are plant and insect viruses the rod-shaped tobacco mosaic virus, the spherical satellite tobacco necrosis virus, tomato bushy stunt virus, southern bean mosaic vims. 

One of the most striking results that has emerged from the high-resolution crystallographic studies of these icosahedral viruses is that their coat proteins have the same basic core structure, that of a jelly roll barrel, which was discussed in Chapter 5. This is true of plant, insect, and mammalian viruses. In the case of the picornaviruses, VPl, VP2, and VP3 all have the same jelly roll structure as the subunits of satellite tobacco necrosis virus, tomato bushy stunt virus, and the other T = 3 plant viruses. Not every spherical virus has subunit structures of the jelly roll type. As we will see, the subunits of the RNA bacteriophage, MS2, and those of alphavirus cores have quite different structures, although they do form regular icosahedral shells. 

Failure rate questionnaires were sent to 35 companies which operate LNG base loading or satellite facilities. These operators had previously expressed an interest in participating in the study. Twenty-five companies returned questionnaires which covered failures at 27 separate LNG facilities. Approximately 1,626,000 hours of plant operating time were represented by the returned questionnaires. 

In large and extensive industrial process plants, it is not unusual to find unvented condensate receivers or reboilers at the end of a long steam-condensate line. These vessels tend to act as collection and storage points for carbon dioxide, which may redissolve in condensate. These satellite stations should be vented and receive an amine booster feed. 

A small fire in a computer room, a telephone exchange, or an assembly plant for communication satellites can cause enormous damage because of minute amounts of corrosion on circuit elements. Furthermore, if either water or a halogenated agent is used to control the... 

An American Salt Company plant and the Dow Chemical Company s Midland plant also benefit directly from each other s presence. Dow found that after recovering bromine from brine it had more salt left than it desired. American Salt needed salt. By locating next to Dow s plant it was able to buy this salt stream for less than it would cost to mine it or pump it from natural underground reservoirs. In turn, Dow was able to sell an unwanted stream that it would otherwise have had to pump back into the ground. The American Salt plant is typical of many satellite plants. These are plants that either use a by-product or a waste stream from another plant or are built mainly to supply a needed chemical to an adjacent plant. The nearby presence of another plant determines their location. 

Such EBICs are especially appropriate for large, water-consuming, and waste-producing industries whose wastes are usually detrimental to the environment, if discharged, but they are also amenable to reuse by close association with satellite industrial plants using wastes from and... 

The hammerhead ribozyme was the first identified motif to catalyze sequence-specific self-cleavage in plant virus satellite RNA molecules (Fig. 1). This motif facilitates magnesium ion-dependent transesterification with a turnover rate of about 1 s ... 

Storey, R., and R. G. Wyn Jones. Quaternary ammonium compounds in plants in relation to salt resistance. Phytochemistry 1977 16 447-453. Krag, K. J. Plants used as contraceptives by the North American Indians. An ethnobotanic study. Thesis-by-Harvard University 1976 117 pp. Duehrssen, E., and K. H. Neumann. Characterization of satellite DNA of Daucus carota L. Z Pflanzenphysiol... 

The futuristic-looking hexagon-shaped plant design with satellite buildings is the result of a new developed safety-ecology-operating concept. 

The build-operate-transfer model is borrowed from the automotive industry, where parts suppliers install their plants as satellites on the premises of the final assembler of the car. The main advantages are a zero distance supply chain and shared infrastructure. 

The original GC control system took the form of a central room which monitors the flowllne6, oil, water, and utility sections, plus a smaller satellite control room monitoring the gas compression and gas conditioning section of the plant. Closed loop process control, such as separator liquid level, pressure, flow and temperature control were handled by local pneumatic analog controllers. The key process variables are displayed in the control room via electronic instrumentation. All the key process and equipment trouble alarms are annunciated m the control rooms, plus the on/off status of key machinery and open/close status of key valves are displayed. 

One of the smallest of the encapsulated RNA-containing viruses is the satellite tobacco necrosis virus. It replicates only when the plant is also infected with the larger tobacco necrosis virus. The satellite virus, whose three-dimensional structure is known from X-ray diffraction studies,485 contains a 1200-nucleotide strand of RNA which encodes a 195-residue protein. 

It has been estimated that 1.3 x 1016 Bq of 239+240 pu has been released to the environment from atmospheric detonation of nuclear weapons that 7.9 x 1014 Bq of 238Pu has been released, mosdy from bum-up of the nuclear powered satellite SNAP-9a and that 3.7 x 1013 Bq of 239+240 Pu was released by the Chernobyl accident (167,168). Many studies have been done to determine the cumulative fallout on soils, plants, bodies of water, animals, and humans. For example, the cumulative 239+240 pu fallout in forest and grasslands and in the liver of eldedy humans in Bavaria, Germany are approximately 50 Bq/m2 and 0.02 Bq/kg wet mass, respectively (167). 

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