Plant flavonoids, chemistry

Glennie, C. W., Harborne, J. B., Rowley, G. D., and Marchant, C. J. 1971. Correlation between flavonoid chemistry and plant geography in the Senecio radicans complex. Phytochemistry 10 2413-2417. 

Yong, J. Y. and Bohm, B. A. 1999. Flavonoid chemistry of Blennospermatinae, a transpacific disjunct subtribe of Senecioneae (Asteraceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 216 231-241. 

Gould KS, Lister C (2006) Flavonoid functions in plants. In Anderson DM, Markham KR (eds) Flavonoids chemistry, biochemistry, and applications. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 397-442... 

Harbome, J.B., Eunctions of flavonoids in plants, in Chemistry and Biochemistry of Plant Pigments, Goodwin, T.W., Ed., vol. 1, Academic Press, London, 1976, 736. 

As said above, plant root chemistry may also influence deeply alpine soil microorganism s biomass. It turns out that the particular chemical composition of exudates is a strong selective force in favour of bacteria that can catabolize particular compounds. Plants support heterotrophic microorganisms by way of rhizodeposition of root exudates and litter from dead tissue that include phenolic acids, flavonoids, terpenoids, carbohydrates, hydroxamic acids, aminoacids, denatured protein from dying root cells, CO2, and ethylene (Wardle, 1992). In certain plants, as much as 20-30% of fixed carbon may be lost as rhizodeposition (Lynch and Whipps, 1990). Most of these compounds enter the soil nutrient cycle by way of the soil microbiota, giving rise to competition between the myriad species living there, from microarthropods and nematodes to mycorrhiza and bacteria, for these resources (e.g. Hoover and Crossley, 1995). There is evidence that root phenolic exudates are metabolized preferentially by some soil microbes, while the same compounds are toxic to others. Phenolic acids usually occur in small concentration in soil chiefly because of soil metabolism while adsorption in clay and other soil particles plays a minor role (Bliun et al., 1999). However, their phytotoxicity is compounded by synergism between particular mixtures (Blum, 1996). 

Nomura, T., T. Fukai, and H. Fujiki Chemistry and Biological Activity of Morns Flavonoids, 2nd International Symposium of Plant Flavonoids in Biology and Medicine, Abstract Papers, p 29, Aug., 1987, Strasbourg, France. 

Gould, K.S. Lister, C. (2005). Flavonoid functions in plants. In Flavonoids Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Applications (eds 0.M. Andersen K.R. Markham), pp. 397-441. CRC Press, Boca Raton. 

Research interests include plant phenolic compounds pioneering work on flavonoid chemistry of primitive plants chemistry of polymeric condensed tannins biological properties of condensed tannins. 

In this chapter, a brief overview of the chemistry and occurrence of plant flavonoids will be discussed, together with a review of the most common analytical methodologies applied for their identification and quantification in foods. 

Chemistry and biosynthesis of isoprenylated flavonoids from moraceous plant 99PAC1116. 

Nomura T. The Chemistry and Biosynthesis of Isoprenylated Flavonoids From Moraceous Plants Pwre A/y)/. Chem. 1999 77 1115-1118... 

Swain, T. (1976). Flavonoids. In Chemistry and Biochemistry of Plant Pigments T. Goodwin (ed), pp. 166-206. Academic Press, New York, USA... 

Before a species is analyzed with respect to its flavonoid content, knowledge about earlier reports on the chemistry and flavonoid distribution within the genus and related species may be of value. The most exhaustive source for such information is Chemical Abstracts, and excellent reviews on structures and distribution of flavanoids have been compiled regularly.Several reviews have recently addressed the general field of flavonoid analysis.Among the earlier reviews in the field, we will particularly recommend consulting Techniques of Flavonoid Identification by Markham and Plant Phenolics by Harborne. References to review articles on specific spectroscopic techniques applied on flavonoids will be cited under the various spectroscopic methods covered in this chapter. Spectroscopic information of importance is also presented in several other chapters in this book. 

Kotsos, M. et al., Chemistry of plants from Crete stachyspinoside, a new flavonoid glycoside and iridoids from Stachys spinosa, Nat. Prod. Lett., 15, 377, 2001. 

Hatano, T., Yoshida, T., and Hemingway, R.W., Interaction of flavonoids with peptides and proteins and conformations of dimeric flavonoids in solution. In Plant Polyphenols 2. Chemistry, Biology, Pharmacology, Ecology (eds G.G. Gross, R.W. Hemingway, T. Yoshida, and S.J. Branham), Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publisher, New York, 1999, p. 509. 

Nomura, T., The chemistry and biosynthesis of isoprenylated flavonoids from moraceous plants. Pure Appl Chem., 71, 1115, 1999. 

Whilst the updating aspect of the chapters is seen as the prime contribution of this book, an effort also has been made to include a summary of previous knowledge in the field to enable the reader to place new advances in this context. Chapters 1 and 2 review the application of contemporary isolation, quantification, and spectroscopic techniques in flavonoid analysis, while Chapter 3 is devoted to molecular biology and biotechnology of flavonoid biosynthesis. Individual chapters address the flavonoids in food (Chapter 4) and wine (Chapter 5), and the impact of flavonoids and other phenolics on human health (Chapter 6 and, in part, Chapter 16). Chapter 8 reviews newly discovered flavonoid functions in plants, while Chapter 9 is the first review of flavonoid-protein interactions. Chapters 10 to 17 discuss the chemistry and distribution of the various flavonoid classes including new structures reported during 1993 to 2004. A complete listing of all known flavonoids within the various flavonoid classes are found in these later chapters and the Appendix, and to date a total of above 8150 different flavonoids has been reported. 

CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF ISOPRENYLATED FLAVONOIDS FROM MEDICINAL PLANTS (MORACEOUS PLANTS AND GLYCYRRHIZA SPECIES)... 

---