Plant extracts lipophilic substances

Grade extracts of different plants are often rich in lipophilic substances, such as plant oils, chlorophylls, and waxes and also highly polar components such as tannines or sugars. Because the complicated liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) procedures are... 

The fatty/waxy products contained the lipophilic substances, including fatty oils, waxes, resins and colorants. Valuable pharmacological effects were proved for some minor constituents of these products (e.g. triterpenes, diterpenes, sterols and carotenoids). Thin layer chromatography and on-line UV-VIS spectroscopy were used for the quick identification and quantity determination of these compounds using authentic samples as standards. The SFE method proved favorable in terras of both extraction yield and speed of carotenoids. The CO2 extracts of the lavandin, clary sage and thyme have been enriched in triterpenic compounds (a-es P-amyrin, oleanic acid, ursolic acid, etc.) and phytosterols. Both free and esterified triterpenoids were present in the extracts of the different samples. Furthermore camosol and other diterpenes were detected in the SFE extract of Lamiaceae plants. The fatty acid composition was only slightly different for extracts obtained by SFE and conventional hexane extraction. 

A solid to semi-solid substance containing volatile essential oils and a fatty-waxy material obtained by the extraction of plant tissue with lipophilic solvents like hexane, e.g. Orris concrete. 

Both cell culture with a lipophilic extraction phase and with a polar extraction phase have been reported to be helpful for the accumulation and detection of secondary substances [7,8]. Plant cell cultures release lipophilic and volatile substances such as ethylene, ethanol, and acetaldehyde. The addition of a lipophilic phase to the culture medium can be used as a means of accumulating and detecting these substances. Maisch et al. [8] found that the addition of XAD-4 resin to Nicotiana tabacum cultures enhanced the production of phenolic secondary metabolites several times compared to the adsorbent-free control. Kim and Chang [9] reported in situ extraction for enhanced shikonin production by Lithospermum erythrorhizon. When n-hexadecane was added to the cultivation, higher specific shikonin productivity was obtained than that from the cultures of free cells without extraction. They also suggested that n-hexadecane addition at an early stage in calcium alginate immobilized cell cultures was effective for shikonin production. Most of the produced shikonin was dissolved in n-hexadecane, so it would reduce the costs for shikonin separation. 

Fresh plants of aD. nobile cultivar were extracted with CH3OH separation from lipophilic, non, basic substances and repeated chromatography yielded 2 X 10 % D. nobile was were extracted with C2H5OH, after evaporation partitioned the n-BuOH-phase was repeatedly chromatographed and yielded after crystallization 4 X lQ- %... 

Fresh plants of a cultivar of D. nobile were extracted with CFI30FI separation from lipophilic non basic substances and repeated chromatography yielded... 

Lipophilic active substances can be determined in the presence of one another by using the procedure described this may be done in commercial preparations of the pharmaceutical, food and feeding-stuff industries, qualitatively and partly even quantitatively [8, 10, 13, 25, 70, 130]. Numerous experiments have been described also, in which these compounds were detected alongside one another in plant and biological extracts [e. g., 5, 30, 45, 141]. 

Three species of Echinacea are in medicinal use Echinacea ( .) purpurea E. angustifolia and . pallida. Depending on the species, the part of the plant (roots, herb) and the method of extraction (hydrophilic, lipophilic), the commercially available preparations of Echinacea contain varying concentrations of flavonoids, essential oils, polysaccharides, derivates of caffeic acid, polyacetylenes, alkylamides and alkaloids. Apart from a very few exceptions these preparations are not standardized in their content of any of these substances. The evidence available so far indicates that it is not a single component but the mixture of various groups of substances which is responsible for the observed immunomodulatory effects [5]. 

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