Plant closures

The cost of maintenance may be greatly influenced by the disruption caused by the access requirements. This involves not only direct costs such as scaffolding but indirect ones such as disruption of a process plant, closure of roads, protection of plant and equipment in the vicinity, etc. 

Consolidation has also created a pattern of aggressive and capital-intensive product acquisitions in recent years. These have, in turn, resulted in reduced credit ratings for many firms, stock share price declines, and most importantly, significant standing debts.This debt is further aggravated by plant closures and... 

Overall, the clash between an increased number of players and a boost of global production capacity on one hand and an overall sluggish demand on the other hand has created a highly competitive environment. In order to avoid plant closures, hne-chemical companies accepted prices that covered only variable costs, in some cases even only part of them. 

Recommendation 2-6. The end points for plant closure of the Aberdeen and Newport facilities should be identified (e.g., allowable residual contamination thresholds and possible future uses of the facilities). Plans for plant design, construction, and operation should include plans for facility... 

It should be noted though, that in practice the restructuring of a value chain s production network often combines different basic restructuring types and includes capacity changes. Also, the relative importance of decision criteria depends on the type of project. For example, in plant closures factors such as public opinion towards the decision (sometimes causing a company to favor closures in countries other than their home country) and possible obligations to repay subsidies received become important (cf. Richbell and Watts 2000). 

Closure costs for existing plants incurred at a site are again determined in two steps. Plant closure costs are calculated in equation (3.14) which, in combination with the non-negativity constraint (3.57), ensures that no negative closure costs are calculated. Closure costs are allocated to the time period during which the capacity is decommissioned. To account for lead times in closure decisions no plant closures can occur in the first period of the planning horizon. Equation (3.15) aggregates the closure costs to the site level. 

Restrictions (3.29) and (3.30) enforce that newly opened plants cannot be closed again during the planning horizon and the technical capacity installed at these plants cannot be reduced. Similarly, restrictions (3.31) to (3.33) enforce that for existing plants where capacity expansions took place throughout the planning horizon a plant closure is not possible. Production lines can however be closed based on the assumption that it might be desirable to shut down old equipment even if an expansion took place earlier. 

Fig. 55. Reallocation of production volumes after plant closure...

European Journal of Operational Research 165 1-19 Richbell SM, Watts HD (2000) Plant closures in multiplant manufacturing firms adding an international perspective. Management Decision 38 80-88... 

Allowance allocation plant closure biased towards higher emitting plant output (and consumption) from average carbon biased towards higher emitting plant incentives for energy efficiency investments... 

Allowances are first allocated for a 3-year period (2005-2007), and then every 5 years, taking into account new information. In particular, if a firm reduces its production, it may well receive fewer allowances in the subsequent periods. In the extreme case of a plant closure, no allowance will be allocated in the following periods ... 

Worldwide demand is expected to grow at 2% to 3% per year from 2002 through 2008 with higher growth in China. New capacity that came onstream in 2000 had not been fully absorbed by 2002. Therefore more rationalization was expected with possible plant closures of uncompetitive plants in Europe and Asia276. Global ACRN capacity was 5.9 million tonnes per year in 2002. World ACRN demand is shown in Table 22.2 and shows that capacity utilization is 80% to 85%278. 

These various changes of ownership were accompanied by plant closures and the transfer of production to such places as Brazil and the Asia-Pacific area, which offered cheaper labor costs and less severe regulatory constraints. Smaller producers of textile dyes in Europe also lowered their ambitions, with... 

Pharmaceuticals 1, 4, 8, 11, 20, 23, 65-67, 109, 111, 123, 141, 152 Pharmacia 27 Pharmacia, Upjohn 27 Physical integration 42 Plant biotechnology 67-71, 77 Plant closures 44 Plant management 152-161 Plant operations 151 Plant specialization 180 Plasticsnet 80... 

M. McCoy, General Chemical... Solvay Plant Closure, Chem. Eng. News, 78(50), Dec. 11... 

According to the BMU s draft NAP of 29 January 2004 (BMU 2004), the operator of a plant was obliged to report its closure, if any. In this case no further emission allowances would be issued for the following year. A plant closure also meant that within one year the CO2 emission reported by the plant would have to be 10% lower than the average annual emissions in the base period. In this case, the operator would have to prove that it was only a temporary closure (e.g. a long-term repair for reasons of maintenance or interruptions). 

The reality of a multi-period emissions trading scheme with free allocation for new installations in connection with the (mainly policy-driven) attempt to avoid shut-down premiums for plant closure demonstrates that the allocation rules could have a considerable influence upon the efficiency of the emission trading system. As a result of differentiated new plant allocations, as well as a series of ex-post adjustments, an erosion in the CO2 price signal for operational or investment decisions by the economic entities within the scope of the EU ETS could arise. The development of the allocation provisions for new entrants is one of the key decisions for future NAPs. 

Given the inherent complexity of the chemical demihtarization task at the assembled weapons stockpile sites, it is almost certain that new problems will continue to arise, particularly from aging and deteriorating weapons and the challenges of demihtarization plant closure and decommissioning. There will be future chemical events, and serious consequences to both plant personnel and surrounding communities cannot be ruled out. This chapter focuses on prudent ways to reduce their number and to minimize their consequences. 

Due to the cancellation of aircraft orders the demand for titanium metal slowed down heavily during the early 21st century, and this led to plant closures and job redundancies worldwide (Pawlek 2000). 

The Administrator shall evaluate on a continuing basis the potential effects on employment (including reductions in employment or loss of employment from threatened plant closures) of-... 

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