International perspective

Similar environmental efforts have occurred in other coxmtries as they have made the environment and human health a priority. Many countries around the world have developed policies, laws, and regulations in an effort to improve and maintain a cleaner environment and human health while providing for a sustainable future. This section provides a view of such efforts. 

In Canada, Environment Canada, which was created in 1971, is the organization responsible for environmental regulation and protection. Environment Canada is divided into five Regional Offices Ontario, Atlantic, Prairie and Northern Region, Quebec, and Pacific and Yukon. Its environmental services are administered through the Canadian Environment Protection Act (CEPA) which includes the Air Quality Act, the Canadian Water Act, the Ocean Dumping Act, the Environment Contaminant Act, and the Department of the Environment Act. CEPA was recently amended (September 1999), placing more emphasis on pollution prevention and toxic substances. It also provides an increased enforcement authority and resources to carry out necessary research and development activities. 

In 1978, Canada signed the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement with the U.S. which identified specific objectives for minimum levels of water quality for more than 35 substances and compounds. Although this is an international agreement, it has certainly impacted and, to some extent, shaped Canada s domestic environmental laws. 

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Sturgis, R. W. 1992 Tort Cost Trends An International Perspective. Seattle Tillinghast Corporation. 

With respect to the core concepts of micro-macro thinking in chemistry education, this has been presented in the preceding sections using the curriculum theories of Schwab and Kuhn. Local or national circumstances may be slightly different, and these need to be part of the analysis, although mainstream chemistiy curricula are rather similar from an international perspective. 

Kozma, R. Russell, J., Jones, T., Marx,N., Davis, J. (1996). The use of multiple linked representations to faeilitate seienee understanding. In S. Vosniadou, R. Glaser, E. DeCorte, H. Mandl (Eds.), International perspectives on the psychologicalfoundations of technology-based learning environments pp. 41-60), Hillsdale, NJ Erlbaum. 

Abd-El-Khalick, F., BouJaoude, S., Duschl, R., Lederman, N. G., Mamlok-Naaman, R., Hofstein, A., et al. (2004). Inquiry in science education International perspectives. Science Education, 88, 397 19. 

NEEDLE SHARING AMONG INTRAVENOUS DRUG ABUSERS NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES. Robert J. Battjes, D.S.W., and Roy W. Pickens, Ph.D., eds. 

Ballance, R., J. Pogan and H. Forstner (1992), The World s Pharmaceutical Industries an International Perspective on Innovation, Competition and Policy, Aldershot, UK and Brookfield, US I idward 11 gar. 

McGavock, H. (1997), Strategies to improve the cost effectiveness of general practitioner prescribing. An international perspective , Pharmacoeconomics, 12, 307-11. 

The Council of Europe highlighted the need for soil protection in an international perspective already in 1972. Proposals for international action suggested the following principles ... 

Commodity vs. specialty is not only related to product properties from a company-internal perspective but also to the business associated with this product. The management of commodities is less focused on product complexity as in the case of specialties, e.g. related to product variants, packaging and small volumes. It is more related to manage large volumes and values as well as prices. Consequently, the differentiation of commodities and specialties impacts the management of the value chain significantly. 

IEA (International Energy Agency) (2004). Biofuels for Transport An International Perspective. Paris OECD/IEA. 

Nakamura, H., Hayashi, Y. and May, A. D. (eds.) (2004). Urban Transport and the Environment - An International Perspective. World Conference on Transportation Research Society and Institute for Transport Policy Studies. Amsterdam Elsevier. 

Incentives, Competition, and Cx>st Benefit Analysis in International Perspective... 

HogerzeU HV. Promoting rational prescribing an international perspective. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1995 39 1-6. 

Guns, Crime, and Violence Youth and Guns Gun Safety Constitutional Issues Laws, Legislation, and Politics Gun Liability International Perspectives... 

FIREARM DEATHS OF YOUNG PEOPLE-INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE... 

Myles J (1997). Treatment for amphetamine use in the United Kingdom. In Klee H (ed.) Amphetamine Misuse, International Perspectives on Current Trends. The Netherlands Harwood Academic Publishers, pp. 69-79... 

Collins, P.J.D. (2000) Overview of red phosphorus-an international perspective. Proc. 27th Inti. Pyrotech. Sem., Colorado, USA, July 16-21, 2000, pp. 191-205. 

Wynen, E. 1994. Economics of organic farming in Australia. In Lampkin, N.H. and Padel, S. (eds) The Economics of Organic Farming An International Perspective. CAB International, Wallingford, pp. 185-199. 

Roco M (2005) International Perspective on Government Nanotechnology Funding in 2005. J Nanopart Res 7 707-712... 

I am pleased to have Dr. Alfred Wachter join me as coeditor of this edition. He was formerly head of Pharmaceutical Product Development for the CIBA Pharmaceutical Company in Basel, Switzerland, and also spent a number of years on assignment in Asia for CIBA. Fred brings a very strong international perspective to the subject matter. 

European Journal of Operational Research 165 1-19 Richbell SM, Watts HD (2000) Plant closures in multiplant manufacturing firms adding an international perspective. Management Decision 38 80-88... 

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