Plant cells albuminous

Similar results were observed for the stabilization of an antibody produced in hairy root culture [11]. In contrast, some proteins are more resistant to stabilization efforts. As shown in Fig. 3, plant-produced granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and Interleukin 4 (IL-4) are only moderately stabilized with the addition of bovine serum albumin (BSA). The use of known stabilizers such as PVP and gelatin was ineffective for these proteins. This difference highlights the need for more general protein stabilizers for use in plant cell cultures. 

The attempts at biopharming° are not restricted to transgenic cattle. Methods for the expression of pharmaceutically important proteins in plant cell cultures and in intact plants are showing promise (Moffat, 1991b). For example, tobacco and alfalfa plants have been shown to secrete antibodies, and human serum albumin has been produced in transgenic potatoes and tobacco. However, structural differences have been observed in the proteins produced in plants. Here again, issues of protein yields, and regulatory and safety concerns remain to be addressed. 

The first recombinant protein expressed in cultured plant cells was human serum albumin, produced in tobacco suspension... 

Serum albumin Cysteine Water + urea -20 to -25 -20 -3 to -78 for the immobilization of thylakoids Preparation of macroporous carrier for the immobilization of bacterial cells. Preparation of macroporous carrier for the immobilization of submembrane fraction of plant cells Preparation of macroporous albumin [179, 180] [181] [31]... 

Free fatty acids, released by acyl hydrolase action, inhibit the fimctions of subcellular organelles. This is well documented for mitochondria and chloro-plasts in plant cells. Dalgamo and Birt (1963) first identified free fatty acids as the endogenous inhibitors of mitochondria and demonstrated the protective effect of bovine serum albumin. Subsequent studies have confirmed this and shown the autocatalytic effect of acyl hydrolase activity on the function and membrane lipid composition of mitochondria (Baddeley and Simon, 1969 Galliard, 1971b Hasson and Laties, 1976b). 

Staining Applications Avidin bovine serum albumin bacteria cardiac fibers cells cell surface glycoconjugates cholesterol phospholipids exocy-totic secretory processes gangliosides glycoprotein islet cells liposomes mitochondria neu-rons oxidized antibody plant cell protoplasts potato tuber storage tissues proteins reti-na 22-24 saccharides skeletal muscle cells skin tissues plant vacuoles " ... 

Several mechanisms have evolved to prevent this catastrophe. In bacteria and plants, the plasma membrane is surrounded by a nonexpandable cell wall of sufficient rigidity and strength to resist osmotic pressure and prevent osmotic lysis. Certain freshwater protists that live in a highly hypotonic medium have an organelle (contractile vacuole) that pumps water out of the cell. In multicellular animals, blood plasma and interstitial fluid (the extracellular fluid of tissues) are maintained at an osmolarity close to that of the cytosol. The high concentration of albumin and other proteins in blood plasma contributes to its osmolarity. Cells also actively pump out ions such as Na+ into the interstitial fluid to stay in osmotic balance with their surroundings. 

Antibiotics, hormones, monoclonal antibodies, plasma proteins, insulin, vaccines, alkaloids Whey proteins, milk proteins, egg proteins, soy proteins, vitamins, amino acids, protein hydrolysates, yeast cells, yeast extract Glucose oxidase, peroxidase, hormones Detergent enzymes, insecticides Bovine serum albumin, ovalbumin, lysozyme Plant extracts, animal tissue extracts... 

Plant and other lectins have the ability to adhere strongly to microbial cell surfaces and lectins are responsible for the adhesion of Rhizobim trifotii to root hair cells of clover. Discovery of lectins which will bind other microbes may lead to the use of lectins as bridging agents to bind cells to inert support materials. Fletcher (83) studied the effects of proteins on the adhesion of a marine Pseudomonas sp. to polystyrene Petri dishes. Bovine serum albumin, gelatin, fibrinogen and pepsin (pKj — 5.8) all inhibit attachment at pH 7.6 when present either prior to or concurrently with the microbial cells. Bovine serum albumin decreased the adhesion of previously attached cells. 

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