Planetary warming

In order to end the current accelerated trend toward planetary warming, C02 emissions into the atmosphere from land and air transport must be eliminated, and the way to do this is simple in principle Make hydrogen from water by photo-splitting water using solar light (or electricity from a nuclear source). 

While Daimler-Benz and Ballard deserve public thanks for their plans to reduce planetary warming, those who know the history of this effort wonder how much longer it would have taken without the research direction provided by Dr. Srinivasan. 

It follows that this scheme—which would lead to a steady-state, high-technology economy without planetary warming or pollution—depends centrally upon electrochemical technology (water electrolysis, fuel cell conversion). If a clean, safe nuclear source were developed that could compete economically with cheap photovoltaics6,... 

The greenhouse effect (planetary warming) has been the focus of much interest by environmentally active scientists for decades, (a) What are the most probable temperature changes at the equator and at the poles for 2050 (b) What... 

One solution to the problem of planetary warming (caused by the use of fossil fuels) involves the collection of solar light, its conversion to electricity, and the electrolysis of water to give hydrogen, the latter to be piped to cities as natural gas is now piped, for example, from Texas to New York. 

The other half of electrochemistry, electrodics, in vol. 2 has surpassed ionics in its rate of growth and is coming into use in enterprises such as the auto industry, to obtain electrochemical power sources for transportation. Such a change in the way we power our cars is seen by many as the only way to avoid the planetary warming caused by the COj emitted by internal combustion engines. 

The Planetary Energy Balance [3] of Incoming Solar (340 W/m2) minus Reflected (101 W/m2) minus Radiated (238 W/m2) = 1 W/m2. This excess energy warms the oceans and melts glaciers and ice sheets. The GHG component is 2 W/m2. The amount of heat required to melt enough ice to raise sea level 1 m is about 12 Watt-years (averaged over the planet)—energy that could be accumulated in 12 years if the planet is out of balance by 1 W/m2 per year. 

Gore, Al. An Inconvenient Truth The Planetary Emergency of Global Warming and What We Can Do About It. New York Rodale Books, May 2006. 

There are various explanations for planetary climate warming. For example, researcher-paleontologist Peter Ward (2002) from the University of Washington thinks global warming is caused by volcanic activity. Ward and Brownlee (2004) believe that... 

Osterkamp T.E. (2005). The recent warming of permafrost in Alaska. Global and Planetary Change, 49(3-4), 187-202. 

Pollack and Ackerman (1983) have reported the results of calculation with a one-dimensional radiative-convective model which predict the El Chichon cloud to have caused an increase of planetary albedo of 10%, a decrease in total radiation at the ground of 2-3%, and an increase in temperature of 3.5 degrees at the 30 mbar level. The GCM of the European Center for Medium Range Forecast was utilised to model the perturbation introduced by a fixed layer with an optical thickness of 0.15 added to the background a stratospheric warming of 3.5 C in the stratosphere and a cooling of about 0.1 C near the surface was obtained (Tanre and Geleyn, 1984). 

Waelkens et al., 1996) massive pre-main sequence stars surrounded with disks of dust and gas. Herbig Ae/Be stars even show transient gas features in their spectra that have been interpreted as comets falling into the star (Beust et al., 1994). The presence of the olivine feature in comets and circumstellar disk systems and the lack of it in interstellar and molecular clouds, the parental materials for star and planetary formation, is somewhat of a conundrum. A common astronomical interpretation is that interstellar grains are amorphous silicates and when warmed in a circumstellar disk environment, they anneal to produce crystalline materials. The other possibility is that olivine in comets and disks condenses from vapor produced by evaporation of original interstellar materials. 

This continental glaciation happened seven times over the last 2.2 million years. Warm intervals, some of them hundreds of thousands of years long, stretched between these planetary deep-freezes. Geologists do not agree whether the ice will return or not. Even if the present day is in a warm period between glaciations, tens or hundreds of thousands of years may elapse before the next advance of the ice sheets. 

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