Planet oxidation state

Anderson RF (1987) Redox behavior of uranium in an anoxic marine basin. Uranium 3 145-164 Anderson RF, Fleisher MQ, LeHuray AP (1989) Concentration, oxidation state, and particulate flux of uranium in the Black Sea. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 53 2215-2224 Back W, Hanshaw BB, Pyler TE, Plummer LN, Weiede AE (1979) Geochemical significance of groundwater discharge in Caleta Xel Ha, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Water Res 15 1521-1535 Barnes CE, Cochran JK (1990) Uranium removal in oceanic sediments and the oceanic U balance. Earth. Planet. Sci. Lett 97 94-101... 

Different evolutionary histories of other terrestrial planets have influenced the relative concentrations of the transition elements compared to their cosmic abundances, as suggested by geochemical data for surface rocks on the Moon, Mars and Venus (Appendix 1). Chemical analyses of lunar samples returned from the Apollo and Luna missions show that minerals and glasses occurring on the Moon contain high concentrations of Fe and Ti existing as oxidation states Fe(II), Ti(III) and Ti(IV). Some lunar minerals, notably olivine and opaque oxides, also contain significant amounts of Cr(H), Cr(III) and Mn(H). The lack of an atmosphere on the Moon simplifies interpretation of remote-sensed reflectance spectra of its surface. 

Duba, A. Nicholls, I. A. (1973) The influence of oxidation state on the electrical conductivity of olivine. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 18, 59-64. 

Kasting, J.F. 1990. Bolide impacts and die oxidation state of carbon in the Earth s early atmosphere. Origins Life 20 199-231. See also Schaefer, L., and Fegley Jr., B., 2007, Outgassing of ordinary chondritic material and some of its implications for the chemistry of asteroids, planets, and satellites, Icarus 186.2 462-483. 

Krot A. N., Fegley B., Palme H., and Lodders K. (2000a) Meteoritical and astrophysical constraints on the oxidation state of the solar nebula. In Protostars and Planets IV (eds. A. P. Boss, V. Manning, and S. S. Russell). University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 1019-1055. 

Sato M. (1978) A possible role of carbon in characterizing the oxidation state of a planetary interior and originating a metalhc core. Lunar Planet Sci. IX, 990-992. 

In 1940, element 93 was discovered, or created, depending on how experimental research is described. The Berkeley team of Edwin McMillan (1907-1991) and Philip Abelson (1913-2004) bombarded uranium foil with neutrons and found that one of the fission products lasted for 2.3 days before naturally decaying. This did not match with known elements, and they suspected it was a new element. With 2.3 days to conduct tests, they were able to test oxidation states and positively identify that it was unique. The name neptunium was suggested because the planet Neptune was beyond Uranus. 

McCammon, C.A., Stachel, T., and Harris, J.W., 2004. Iron oxidation state in lower mantle mineral assemblages II. Inclusions in diamonds from Kankan, Guinea. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 222, 423-34. 

Wade, J. and Wood, B.J., 2005. Core formation and the oxidation state of the Earth. Earth Planet. Sci., 236, 78-95. 

Different amounts of compositional information of different sorts are available for each terrestrial planet the only two lines of evidence available for all of them are bulk density and oxidation state. The bulk densities, however, must be corrected to zero pressure (actually, 1 atmosphere) to remove the effect of internal self compression and afford a directly relevant measure of composition (see Table I). 

Iron comprises approximately 4.7% of the Earth s crust. The enormous quantities of this metal in the earth core are prerequisite for the magnetic field that shields the planet from cosmic radiation and enables life. The ubiquitous availability of iron and its ability to adjust its oxidation state, redox potential and electron spin state makes it suited to participate in a large number of chemical reactions. Thus, iron has become essential for animals, plants, fungi and most bacteria, ivhere it functions in a ivide variety of iron-dependent enzymes and metal proteins. To avoid deficiency symptoms, mechanisms have evolved in these organisms to maintain iron homeostasis in situations of scarce supply, but also to avoid oxidative stress as mediated by Fenton chemistry ivhen supply is excessive. In industry, iron is used in over 2500 varieties of steel, each with different physical properties. In fact, annual steel production is almost as high as that of all other metals combined hence the environmental effects of iron must also be considered. 

Delaney JS, Dyar MD, Sutton SR, Bajt S (1998) Redox ratios with relevant resolution Solving an old problem by using the synchrotron microXANES probe. Geology 26 139-142 Delaney JS, Jones JH, Sutton SR, Simon S, Grossman L (1999) In situ microanalysis of vanadium, chromium, and iron oxidation states in extraterrestrial samples by synchrotron microXANES (SmX) spectroscopy. Meteorit Planet Sci 34 A32... 

Delaney JS, Sutton SR, Newville M, Jones JH, Hanson B, Dyar MD, Schreiber H (2000) Synchrotron micro-XANES measurements of vanadium oxidation state in glasses as a function of oxygen fugacity Experimental calibration of data relevant to partition coefficient determination. Lunar Planet Sci... 

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