Pinpoint Actions

The pinpoint action ran over a period of two years. Out of the 4500 companies, a random sample of 400 enterprises were registered, of which 390 were visited and analysed with respect to the type of timber and dust abatement technologies used. 

For every human action appearing in the task-analysis table, errors of omission and commission should be pinpointed. 

The components of each factor can be evaluated at two levels of detail. An example of these levels for the factor "Procedures and Job Aids" is provided in Figure 2.12. If the question indicates that the first level (e.g., content and reliability) is deemed to be inadequate then more questions are available at the next level of detail (the topic level) to provide additional information on the nature of the problem. For each topic, further questions are provided at a greater level of detail. These detailed questions (diagnostics) are intended to pinpoint the precise nature of a deficiency and also to provide insights for remedial action. 

What happens if the duration estimates turn out to be wrong or inaccurate Arrow diagramming will pinpoint all the activities (events) that are affected and the degree to which they are affected. It will tell you whether any re-planning, rescheduling, or other remedial action is necessary. 

Table 11.2 Selected genes whose rate of transcription is altered by binding of insulin to its receptor. In virtually all instances, the ultimate effect is to promote anabolic events characteristic of insulin action. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis has also pinpointed dozens of proteins of unknown function whose cellular level is altered by insulin...

The technologies described above can be used to pinpoint the mechanism(s) of action of angiogenic or angiostatic agents in specific steps in the angiogenic cascade. For instance, application of these systems revealed that IFNa and angiostatin inhibit cell migration whereas endostatin and platelet factor-4 function primarily as inhibitors of endothelial cell proliferation. 

Action occurring in the continuous phase should be investigated more thoroughly. Both axial and lateral dispersion should be pinpointed more accurately. 

Any shortcoming in a standard can only be put right after analysis has pinpointed the problems. Hence, standards committees cannot act quickly if an interlaboratory trial reveals excessive variability. It is highly unlikely that faults in standards account for the majority of variance, although clearly it is important that any that do exist are identified and action taken. 

The other mental effects of morphine take place at the arousal centers of the brain, in the brainstem, to produce a sleepiness and relaxation. However, some patients experience restlessness instead of drowsiness, with increased limb movement rather than relaxation. Confusion and slurred speech almost always accompany morphine at higher doses. Meanwhile, the so-called pinpoint pupils of opiate overdose are created by morphine s action on the iris, resulting in blurred vision and impaired ability to see in the dark. 

The action of some inhibitors is indicated in Figure 17.4. It is sometimes difficult to pinpoint exactly where an inhibitor may act, however, because our knowledge of the composition and function of the four complexes is far from complete. Complex I inhibitors, such as rotenone, piericidin A, and the barbiturates, are believed to inhibit the transfer of elctrons from the Fe-S centers to UQ. In complex III, antimycin appears to inhibit the reduction of UQ by cytochrome b. Myxothiazol and 2,3-dimercaptopropanol (BAL) inhibit the transfer of electrons from UQH2 to Rieske s protein, because they destroy the Fe-S centers. The action of cyanide and azide on complex IV is also unclear, but it is believed that these substances combine with the Fe3+ moiety of the a3 heme prosthetic group. 

Actions Meperidine causes a depression of respiration similar to that of morphine, but there is no significant cardiovascular action when the drug is given orally. On intravenous (IV) administration, meperidine produces a decrease in peripheral resistance and an increase in peripheral blood flow, and may cause an increase in cardiac rate. As with morphine, meperidine dilates cerebral vessels, increases cerebrospinal fluid pressure, and contracts smooth muscle (the latter to a lesser extent than does morphine). In the gastrointestinal tract, meperidine impedes motility, and chronic use results in constipation. Meperidine does not cause pinpoint pupils, but rather causes the pupils to dilate because of an atropine-like activity. 

As shown in Fig. 4.2, emergency preparedness begins with the identification and mitigation of hazards. When properly done, the systematic analysis and evaluation of chemical process hazards stimulate actions that eliminate the potential for many emergency situations and pinpoint the situations that remain. The direction of these analytical and corrective efforts is... 

Successful solutions to the problems of mechanisms of action which always emerge after a mode of action has been pinpointed can not yet be organized systematically, and critical consideration of instances in which such studies have been definitively successful do not offer much guidance to an investigator who is faced with a new problem. It will take considerable time until the biochemical process patterns of microorganisms are known to such an extent that a systematic research strategy can be developed on the basis of this knowledge. 

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