Pinene pepper

Black pepper Piper nigrum (Piperaceae) a- and p-pinene, phellandrene... 

Piper cubeba L. Bi Cheng Qie (Cubeb, tailed pepper) (unripe fruit) Cubebin, dipentene, cadinene, cineol, carene, camphene, pinene, sabinene, azulene, terpineol.49 Urinary antiseptic, stomachic, carminative. 

Earlier workers established the presence of a-pinene, (3-pinene, 1-a-phellandrene, dl-limonene, piperonal, dihydrocarveol, a compound melting at 161°C, P-caryophyllene and a piperidine complex from the essential oil obtained by steam distillation of ground Malabar pepper. The above compounds were identified by the classical methods of derivatization and degradation. They also reported the presence of epoxy dihydrocary-... 

Dilution and concentration experiments on samples of dried black pepper berries from India and Malaysia, as well as enantioselec-tive analysis of optically active monoterpenes, indicated ( )-linalool, (-i-)-a-phellandrene, (-)-limonene, myrcene, (-)-a-pinene, 3-methylb-utanal and methylpropanal as the most potent odorants of black pepper. Additionally, 2-iso-propyl-3-methoxypyrazine and 2,3-diethyl-5-methylpyrazine were detected as important odorants of the black pepper sample from Malaysia, which had a mouldy, musty off-flavour (Jagella and Grosch, 1999a). Gamma irradiation was an effective means of decon-... 

The major monoterpene hydrocarbons present in pepper oil are a- and (3-pinenes, sabinene and limonene. Chemical structures of major aroma compounds are illustrated in Fig. 2.1. 

Thevanmundi, Poonjaranmunda, Valiakaniak-kadan and Subhakara. Some of the newly developed cultivars are Panniyur-1, Panniyur-2, Panniyur-3 and Panniyur-4. By adopting GC and GC-MS techniques, researchers have identified over 55 compounds from the volatile oil of these pepper cultivars. The major compounds identified were a- and (3-pinene, sabinene, limonene, P-caryophyllene, myrcene, p-cymene and caryophellene oxide (Gopalakrishnan et al., 1993 Menon et al., 2000, 2002, 2003 Menon and Padmakumari, 2005). Table 2.7 illustrates this variability among different popular cultivars. 

GC-MS. The major compounds were found to be trans-linalool oxide and a-terpineol, whereas the dry black pepper oil contained a- and (3-pinenes, d-limonene and (3-caryo-phyllene as major components. When fresh pepper oil was isolated by distillation and analysed by GC and GC-MS, the compounds were found to be of a different nature to that of fresh pepper aromatic compounds (Menon, 2000). 

Pepper Piper nigrum ( )-/i-Pinene, ( )-limonene, (S)-a-phellandrene (46), ( )-linalool 95,101,102... 

The main products are monolitic terpenes such as alpha-terpineol 32. Minor amounts of bicyclic compounds (34), e.g. borneol 31, can be observed. Some of these products are of commercial importance as fragrances with lilac and nutmeg odor (monocyclic alcohols like alpha-terpineol or 1-terpinene-4-ol) or with campher-like and extremely delicate pepper odor (bicyclic compounds). In current industrial practice, the bicyclic alcohol borneol 31 is synthesized by a multi-step procedure. Much research has been done to develop clean processes which have high selectivity towards one of the products starting directly from alpha-pinene 30. 

PROP From steam distillation of dried fruit of PipernigmmL. (Fam. Piperaceae). Main constituents include a- and p-pinene, p-caryophyllene, 1-limonene, d-hydrocarveol, piperidine, and piperrine (FCTXAV 16,637,78). A colorless to greenish liquid odor and taste of pepper. Sol in fixed oils, mineral oil, propylene glycol sidy sol in glycerin. 

The odorants of black pepper are listed in Table 6.47. Their OAVs are calculated on the basis of odour threshold values in starch because at app. 45% it is the major component of the kernel [83]. As a result of its low odour threshold, linalool (no. 11) shows the highest OAV, followed by limonenes nos. 9a and 9b, (-)-P-pinene (no. 6a) and (S)-a-phellandrene (no. 8b). 

Figure 2. Black pepper 1 - a-pinene, 2 - sabinene, 3 - P-pinene, 4 - limonene + 1,8-cineole, 5 - y-terpinene, 6 - a-terpinolene, 7 - P-caryophellene, 8 - myristicine.

Capsicum frutescens. Volatiles of Cayenne pepper have been studied in a comprehensive GC-MS analysis (Cardeal et al. 2006). Its blend is composed of monoterpenes (e.g., limonene, P-phellandrene, sabinene, P-pinene, y-terpinene), oxidized congeners (e.g., linalool, terpinen-4-ol, a-pheUandrene epoxide), sesquiterpenes (see Sect. 7.3.1.1), and members of different other classes of metabolites. 

Fig. 22.1. Storage of ground black pepper at room temperature - changes in the concentrations of odorants, (a) ( - ) 3-methylbutanal, (o-o) a-pinene, ( - ) myrcene, ( - ) a-phellandrene (b) (A-A) limonene, (A—A) 1,8-cineol, ( —T) linalool...

A number of bicyclic hydrocarbons are present in turpentine, and also as components of fruits, vegetables and spices (8-6). A frequently occurring compound is sabinene, also known as thujene or 4(10)-thujene (which is found in higher concentrations in the essential oil of black pepper), car-3-ene (A -carene), a-pinene (2-pinene), P-pinene, also known as 2(10)-pinene, nopinene or pseudopinene and camphene. Trivial and systematic names of the main compounds are Ksted in Table 8.2. 

Pepper oil contains a complex mixture of monoterpenes (70-80%), sesquiterpenes (20-30%), and small amounts of oxygenated compounds, with no pungent principles present. Concentration and composition vary, depending on sources. Major monoterpenes include a-thujene, a-pinene, camphene. 

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