Pickerel

Line S.J. Pickerell J.K. (1973) Testing a steam-formaldehyde sterilizer for gas penetration efficiency. J Clin Pathol, 26, 716-720. 

Muskellunge, Esox masquinongy muscle New York Chain pickerel, Esox niger, muscle New York Pickerel, Esox sp. near smelter Sudbury, Ontario Gills Kidneys Livers Muscle... 

Canada Wanapitei River (near nickel smelter) vs. Pickerel River (reference site) Ontario 1974 ... 

Mosquito fish Chain pickerel Esox Mucus coat of Swim to upper George, 1960... 

Gambusia niger, redfin pickerel pickerel water levels ... 

The mosquitofish, Gamhusiapatruelis, avoids its predators, the chain pickerel, Esox niger, and redfin pickerel, Esox americanus, by swimming to the upper water levels. It also responds to odor from the pickerel mucus coat. This odor survives passage through filter paper and hours of bubbling but loses activity if heated or passed over charcoal (George, 1960). 

George, C. J. W. (1960). Behavioral interaction of the pickerel EsoxnigerEeSuem and Esox americanus LeSueur) and the mosquitofish Gambusiapatrudlis Bairdad Girard). Ph.D. Thesis, Harvard University Massachussetts. 

In the muscle of active fish such as horse-mackerel and pickerel, the antiox-idative enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase are more active than in the more sluggish scorpion fish (Rudneva-Titova, 1994 Rudneva-Titova and Zherko, 1994). 

Scorpion fish Turbot Red mullet Whiting Pickerel... 

Proteolytic digestive enzyme activity in sluggish Black Sea fish (e.g. toad goby, scorpion fish) has been found to be equal to and sometimes greater than that of the active fish (e.g. horse-mackerel, annular bream, pickerel). The aminolytic activity of fish of low mobility is also greater (Ugolev and Kuzmina, 1993). It will further be shown in Chapter 5 that the consumption and assimilation of food occur more efficiently in sluggish than in active fish. 

Figure 39 Average swimming velocity of fish at different times of the day. (After Belokopytin, 1993.) Solid line, horse-mackerel broken line, pickerel dotted and broken line, scorpion fish.

Table 10 shows seasonal variation in the age composition of Black Sea anchovy and sprat. The weight of an average fish in a population is evaluated from the age structure of the population and the share of the total biomass contributed by each age group. In horse-mackerel, pickerel and whiting, the proportion of the different age groups keeps stable all the year round, while in... 

When the production of different Black Sea fish is compared, the six species investigated divide roughly into two groups, one comprising anchovy and sprat and the other, pickerel, whiting, horse-mackerel and red mullet. The sizes and biomasses of fish within a group are similar, as are some biological features. 

Temperature is therefore a determining factor influencing the timing and character of both somatic and generative production in Black Sea fish. All the species examined form a series, which is related to their temperature preference anchovy - horse-mackerel - red mullet - pickerel - whiting - sprat. In the first species the somatic and generative productions coincide, while in the last there is a large space of time between them. In horse-mackerel, red mullet and pickerel there is a partial overlap. 

A considerable quantity of body proteins are also involved in generative synthesis, evidenced by substantial consumption of these proteins during the pre-spawning period by horse-mackerel, red mullet, whiting and pickerel. This would not have occurred if the food proteins had been adequate for the purpose. As horse-mackerel, red mullet and scorpion fish mature, the transport of serum proteins (albumin, a- and 3-globulins) proceeds more intensively (Golovko, 1964 Kondratyeva, 1977). The... 

It is not difficult to assess the average biomass of a fish stock over many years, using data on the numbers and biomass of samples. In Black Sea anchovy, it is 284 kt in May. By November the figure doubles as a result of replenishment and of somatic increase. The average annual biomass (B) amounts to 426 kt for anchovy, 280 kt for sprat, about 36 kt for horse-mackerel, 6 kt for red mullet and 9 kt for whiting (no data are available for pickerel). Results of the studies on annual specific and absolute production in populations of the fish examined here and Px/B coefficients are given in Table 11. 

Anchovy Sprat Horse-mackerel Red mullet Pickerel Whiting... 

Having tested this method, many workers will still want to asses annual production from positive values only. If such is the case, Table 12 can be used to determine coefficients of conversion for annual production estimates for all components or for positive values only. Estimates are highest for anchovy, somewhat less in red mullet, horse-mackerel, pickerel and sprat, while there is no difference in whiting. This is the ranking of the species studied for differences between somatic and generative production. It has... 

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