Physiologically based extraction test

SBET, simple bioaccessibility extraction test PBET, physiologically based extraction test DIN, E DIN 19738 German method RIVM, in vitro digestion model, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment,... 

Ruby, M. V., Davis, A., Schoof, R., Eberle, S., etal. (1996). Estimation oflead and arsenic bioavailability using a physiologically based extraction test. Environ. Sd. Technol. 30, 422—430. 

Bioaccessibility tests (also called bioavailability or physiologically based extraction tests) have been used extensively to measure the short-term solubihty of and metal extraction from earth materials and other substances in simulated gastric, intestinal, and lung fluids (Ruby et al, 1992, 1996, 1999 Hamel, 1998 Battelle and Exponent, 2000 Oomen et al, 2002 Mullins and Norman, 1994). Biodurability tests have been used extensively to measure the long-term solubility of earth materials and other substances such... 

To be able to carry out a physiologically based extraction test on soil in a safe and controlled manner. 

Figure 5.25 The physiologically based extraction test (PBET) used to determine the bioaccessibility of metals from foodstuffs [30].

Bioaccessibility testing of metals using the physiologically based extraction test (PBET) or the simplified bioaccessibility extraction test (SBET) has gained popularity in recent years in the UK (Nathanail McCaffrey 2002). The aim of the tests is to simulate the extraction of metals into solution in the juices in the stomach, upper and lower intestine (PBET) and in the stomach (SBET). The empirical test results should only be applied to the ingestion of soil or dust pathways. The tests have been calibrated for lead, and to a lesser degree for arsenic. Risk assessors should be satisfied that the health criteria... 

MV Ruby, A Davis, R School, S Eherle, CM Sellstone. Estimation of lead and arsenic hioavailahihty using a physiologically based extraction test. Environ Sci Technol 30 422-430, 1996. 

Soils contaminated with Pb may also be remediated by iron-based nanoparticles. Iron phosphate (vivianite) nanoparticles stabilized with CMC have been reported to reduce the toxicity-characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) and physiologically based extraction test (PBET) bioaccessibility in calcareous, neutral, and acidic soils (84). While phosphate addition has been known since at least 1993 to immobilize Pb(II) in soils, phosphate addition can cause its own problems in that it easily leaches into surface and groundwaters, where it causes problems related to excessive nutrient input. CMC-vivianite nanoparticles release 50% less phosphate into the environment than more traditional phosphate soil amendments, partly because of the insolubility of vivianite. Unlike the PdNPs/S mixture, the Pb-sequestering reactions take place at ambient temperatures. At acidic pH values, the reaction sequence is as shown in Equations (20.5a) and (20.5b). 

Columbo C, Monhemius AJ, Plant JA (2008b) The estimation of the bioavailabilities of platinum, palladium and rhodium in vehicle exhaust catalysts and road dusts using a physiologically based extraction test. Sci Total Environ 389 46-51 Costa DL, Dreher KL (1997) Bioavailable transition metals in particulate matter mediate cardiopulmonary iniury in healthy and compromised animal models. Environ Health Perspect 105 1053-1060... 

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