Physiological data

Chumakov, I., Blumenfeld, M., Guerassimenko, O. et al. Genetic and physiological data implicating the new human gene G72 and the gene for D-amino acid oxidase in schizophrenia. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 99 13675-13680, 2002. 

For all these techniques, the general qualitative correlation between the measured parameter and the iron concentration was established. However, the measurements are too sensitive to the parameters of the experimental procedures and to physiological data beyond the iron content to allow for routine use in hospitals (43). Indeed, the relaxivity of ferritin is different in solutions, in the liver, in the spleen, in the brain, etc., which implies that MRI quantification protocols must be developed separately for each organ. 

Catalases continue to present a challenge and are an object of interest to the biochemist despite more than 100 years of study. More than 120 sequences, seven crystal structures, and a wealth of kinetic and physiological data are currently available, from which considerable insight into the catalytic mechanism has been gained. Indeed, even the crystal structures of some of the presumed reaction intermediates are available. This body of information continues to accumulate almost daily. 

The generation of the NREM-REM cycle is explained by a reciprocal interaction model based on anatomical and physiological data and first proposed... 

One strength of the theory is that it stimulates new questions and permits a more precise statement of new problems. The thermoelastic mechanism is apparently adequate to characterize the acoustic effect occurring in heads of humans and animals exposed to pulsed microwaves. The precise location in the head (scalp, skull or brain) microwave pulses are transformed into the acoustic wave of pressure however is at present not specifiable. Several speculations can be advanced, but there is little direct physiological data that would identify the possible gross tissue structures involved. Clearly, this is an area still requiring study. 

Trichomonad flagellates seemed to be a good first choice. The human pathogen Trichomonas vaginalis and the cattle pathogen Tritrichomonas foetus were much-studied species available in bacterium-free cultures and were thus amenable to biochemical and cell fractionation studies, approaches extensively practiced by our group. The available physiological data showed that the respiration of these species was not of mitochondrial type, because it could not be inhibited with cyanide and other mitochondrial inhibitors. Furthermore no cytochromes were detected in these trichomonads (Ryley 1955). 

An important outcome of these studies is the opportunity that it offers to discuss the implications of the presence of nonlinear dynamics in processes such as the secretion of cortisol. Based on the aforementioned discussion it is evident that the concepts of deterministic nonlinear dynamics should be adopted in pharmacodynamic modeling when supported by experimental and physiologic data. This is valid not only for the sake of more detailed study, but mainly because nonlinear dynamics suggest a whole new rationale fundamentally different from the classical approach. Moreover, the clinical pharmacologist should be aware of the limitations of chaotic models for long-term prediction, which is contrary to the routine use of classical models. 

Physiologically based phannacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) modeling has proven useful in many areas of toxicology and therapeutics. This quantitative, mechanism-based approach has allowed limited experimental in vivo and in vitro data to be quantitatively integrated with physiological data so as to facilitate predictions of the behavior of organisms under different exposure conditions. Specifically, it has been used for ... 

House organs and trade publications constitute a large and important body of useful information not duplicated in other sources. Although their primary objective is to sell products or enhance a company s prestige, they successfully communicate the latest technical infonnation on uses, physical properties, specifications, and physiological data (2). The chief problems in this area are how to get this literature and what to do with it once obtained. This paper has provided answers to these two questions. No list of trade publications has been compiled, as it is impossible to make a selection in accord with the interests of more than one company. 

Perhaps more than any other nutritional factor, ascorbic acid has been the focus of the questions, How much ascorbic acid is required in humans for optimum health and well-being and What factors can change this requirement There seem to be no simple answers to these questions, but good progress has been made in fundamentals related to this problem, such as measurement of pool sizes and turnover in humans as a function of environmental variables. The lack of such physiological data for children, women, and pregnant women needs to be corrected. 

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