Physical adsorption cooperative

Physical adsorption of these gases on charcoal, therefore, must be regarded as being caused by the cooperative action of a polarization by the field of the charcoal nonpolar van der Waals forces and repulsion forces. 

As we discussed in Sec. VI,1 physical adsorption on charcoal and on metal surfaces is caused by the polarization of the adsorbed molecules in the electronic field over the surface of the conducting adsorbent (Sec. V,7), together with the nonpolar van der Waals forces between the adsorbent and the adsorbed molecules (Sec. V,2). As mentioned in Sec. V,12, the magnitude of the polarization of the adsorbed molecules by the electronic field is not seriously influenced by so-called active spots or by surface heterogeneity. The contribution by the nonpolar van der Waals forces, however, is more influenced by a heterogeneous character of the surface of the adsorbent. As those forces cooperate and as the surface of a metallic... 

One of the most recent observations in supramolecular surface chirality is the induction of homochirality on surfaces via cooperatively amplified interactions in molecular monolayers. As discussed in Sect. 2, adsorption-induced chirality leads to both mirror motifs. However, in the presence of additional chiral bias, lattice homo chirality can be installed in the entire molecular layer. Such bias comes from a chiral dopant, small ee or physical fields in combination with symmetry breaking of the surface. 

The cooperative nature of inhibition in this system is ascribed to halide mediated PEG adsorption that may also involve interactions with the Cu+ reaction intermediate. Indeed, the earliest studies of PEG-C1 inhibition discuss the possible formation of various polyether-cuprous chloride compounds ranging from PEG helically wound around a CuCl core to crown-ether like moieties bound to the copper surface via chloride [233, 234], Analogous arguments of complex formation were made based on experimental measurements of the physical properties of solutions containing a high PEG/Cu+/2+ ratio [239, 240]. 

The reduction of unsaturated C-C bonds constitutes one of the largest applications of heterogeneous catalysis [48]. On the surface of a metal particle, hydrogen is either cleaved homolytically to give M-H units or is adsorbed in the intact form. The metal sites that are responsible for either activation path of Hj on the catalyst surface as well as the chemical-physical characteristics of the adsorbed H2 are still a matter of debate. In this respect, molecular systems mimicking the activation of Hj on a single metal site without the cooperation of a solvent are expected to provide valuable information on the mechanism of Hj adsorption/release over heterogeneous metal catalysts. 

Ordered (and partially ordered) arrays of metal sites and complexes enable the cooperation of their special electronic, magnetic and optical properties. Such materials have long been sought for their expected physical properties and applications in optics, electrooptics, superconductivity and sensors. The ordering can be by various mechanisms, such as adsorption on surfaces, intercalation into layered structures, formation of mesomorphic structures and liquid crystals, and adoption of specific crystal-packing motifs, all of which are supramolecular phenomena. Organic liquid crystals and their applications are now commonplace, and in recent years the incorporation of metal atoms into mesogenic molecules has demonstrated the occurrence of similar metallo-mesophases [20]. 

The analysis of the photocurrent responses on the basis of Equations (11.45) and (11.46) appears consistent with the results obtained by other spectroscopic techniques in relation to the potential dependence of the metalloporphyrin coverage. However, the physical meaning of the parameters associated with the Langmuir isotherm must be considered cautiously. The contribution of aggregation, interfacial protonation and cooperative H-bonding associated with the adsorption... 

In Canada, the Liric model was developed (Wren et al., 1991) and is still undergoing improvement. Liric is a comprehensive model of an essentially mechanistic nature, showing similarities in the reaction sets used for the Inspect code described above. Liric was developed to predict the time-dependent behavior of iodine in the containment under a variety of reactor accident conditions. Out of the large number of reactions involving physical and chemical processes, aqueous thermal reactions of iodine are considered, as well as water radiolysis processes and the interaction of the radiolysis products with aqueous iodine species. In addition, radiolytic decomposition of organic substances in the aqueous phase, formation and decomposition of organoiodine compounds, iodine reactions with aqueous impurities such as buffers and metal ions, mass transfer between the aqueous and gas phases and, finally, adsorption of gaseous I2 onto surfaces and its desorption from them are included in the model. The Liric model has been developed in close cooperation with the experimental work carried out in the Radioiodine Test Facility. 

Sorption is a complex process, which is controlled by dye-substrate interactions involving various types of intermolecular forces, such as electrostatic (ionic), van der Waals (London)," "" polar (hydrogen bonding)" " and hydrophobic (cooperative binding) interactions.The interaction forces involved in a sorption system depend on the physical and chemical properties of dyes and substrates. In general the adsorption of dye into the fibres can be represented by the following mechanism ... 

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