PHY layer

Jiang, S. Y., Rhykerd, C. L., and Gubbins, K. E. 1993. Mol. Phys. Layering, freezing transitions, eapillary eon-densation and diffusion of methane in sht carbon pores. 79 373. 

MacKenzie K A D 1979 The development of the endodermis and phi layer of apple roots. Protoplasma 100 21-32... 

Miyatani T, Florii M, Rosa A, Fu]ihira M and Marti O 1997 Mapping of electric double-layer force between tip and sample surfaces in water with pulsed-force-mode atomic force microscopy Appl. Phys. Lett. 71 2632... 

Semenov A N 1985 Contribution to the theory of miorophase layering in blook-oopolymer melts Sov. Phys.-JETP 6 733... 

Szleifer I and Carignano M A 1996 Tethered polymer layers Adv. Chem. Phys. 94 165... 

Rieker T P, Clark N A, Smith G S, Parmar D S, Sirota E B and Safinya C R 1987 Chevron local layer structure in surface-stabilized ferroelectric smectic-C cells Phys.Rev.Lett 59 2658-61... 

Berrett J F, Molino F, Porte G, Diat O and Lindner P 1996 The shear-induced transition between oriented textures and layer-sliding-mediated flows in a micellar cubic crystal J. Phys. Condens Matters 9513-17... 

Kolb D M, Rath D L, Wille R and Flansen W N 1983 An ESCA study on the electrochemical double layer of emersed electrodes Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 87 1108-11 131... 

Attard P 1996 Electrolytes and the electric double layer Adv. Chem. Phys. 92 1-159... 

Durston P J ef a/1997 Soanning tunnelling miorosoopy of ordered ooated oluster layers on graphite Appi. Phys. Lett. 71 2940... 

Liu Yong, Komrowski A J and Kummel A C 1998 Site-selective reaction of Br2 with second layer Ga atoms on the As-rich GaAs(001)-(2 4) surface Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 413-16... 

Cylindrical Boundary Layer Laminar boundary layers on cylindrical surfaces, with flow parallel to the cylinder axis, are described by Glauert and LighthiU Proc. R. Soc. [London], 230A, 188-203 [1955]), Jaffe and Okamura (Z. Angety. Math. Phys., 19, 564—574 [1968]) and Stewartson ((J. Appl Math., 13, 113-122 [1955]). For a turbulent boundaiy layer, the total drag may be estimated as... 

Further laminar boundaiy layer analysis is given by Crane (Z. Angew. Math. Phys., 23, 201-212 [1972]). 

Electrodecantation or electroconvec tion is one of several operations in which one mobile component (or several) is to be separated out from less mobile or immobile ones. The mixture is introduced between two vertical semipermeable membranes for separating cations, anion membranes are used, and vice versa. When an electric field is apphed, the charged component migrates to one or another of the membranes but since it cannot penetrate the membrane, it accumulates at the surface to form a dense concentrated layer of particles which will sink toward the bottom of the apparatus. Near the top of the apparatus immobile components will be relatively pure. Murphy [J. Electrochem. Soc., 97(11), 405 (1950)] has used silver-silver chloride electrodes in place of membranes. Frilette [J. Phys. Chem., 61, 168 (1957)], using anion membranes, partially separated and Na, ... 

Density gradients to stabilize flow have been employed by Philpot IT> Yin.s. Faraday Soc., 36, 38 (1940)] and Mel [ j. Phys. Chem., 31,559 (1959)]. Mel s Staflo apparatus [J. Phys. Chem., 31, 559 (1959)] has liquid flow in the horizontal direction, with layers of increasing density downward produced by sucrose concentrations increasing to 7.5 percent. The solute mixture to be separated is introduced in one such layer. Operation at low electrolyte concentrations, low voltage gradients, and low flow rates presents no cooling problem. 

W. A. McGahan, and J. A. Woollam. App. Phys. Commun. 9, 1, 1989. Well written and illustrated review of electromagnetic theory applied to a multilayer structure including magnetic and magneto-optic layers. 

A type of molecular resonance scattering can also occur from the formation of short-lived negative ions due to electron capture by molecules on surfrices. While this is frequently observed for molecules in the gas phase, it is not so important for chemisorbed molecules on metal surfaces because of extremely rapid quenching (electron transfer to the substrate) of the negative ion. Observations have been made for this scattering mechanism in several chemisorbed systems and in phys-isorbed layers, with the effects usually observed as smaU deviations of the cross section for inelastic scattering from that predicted from dipole scattering theory. 

These general requirements also apply to adsorbents laden with s these requirements are not fulfilled to the same extent in thin-layer ( phy. So the Kubelka-Munk function does not apply without qualif... 

J. Klein, E. Kumacheva. Simple liquids confined to molecularly thin layers. I. Confinement-induced liquid-to-solid phase transitions. J Chem Phys 705 6996-7009, 1998. 

P. Richetti, P. Kekicheff, P. Barois. Measurement of the layer compressibility modulus of a lamellar mesophase with a surface forces apparatus. J Phys II 5 1129-1154, 1995. 

P. S. Pershan. X-ray studies of the thickness and roughness of thin adsorbed fluid layers. Ber Bunsenges Phys Chem 95 372-375, 1994. 

M. Schoen, D. J. Diestler, J. H. Cushman. Shear melting of confined mono-layer films. Phys Rev B 47 5603-5613, 1993. 

P. Lenz, R. Lipowsky. Morphologieal transitions of wetting layers on struetured substrates. Phys Rev Lett 56 1920-1923, 1998. 

G. Gompper, M. Hennes. Layering, dewetting, and first-order wetting in ternary amphihilic systems. J Chem Phys 2871-2880, 1994. 

P. Peyla, A. Vallat, C. Misbah, H. Muller-Krumbhaar. Elastic interaction between surface defects in thin layers. Phys Rev Lett 82 1 1, 1999. 

Ming Jiang, Yu-Jun Zhao, Pei-Lin Cao. Surfactant-mediated layer-by-layer homoepitaxial growth of Cu/In/Cu(100) and Ag/Sb/Ag(lll) systems A theoretical study. Phys Rev B 57 10054, 1998. 

R. K. Akchurin, D. V. Komarov. Formation of multilayer strained-layer heterostructures by liquid epitaxy. I. Theoretical aspects of the problem and mathematical model. Tech Phys 42 155, 1997. 

D. Schmicker, T. Hibma, K. A. Edwards, P. B. Howes, J. E. MacDonald, M. A. James, M. Breeman, G. T. Barkema. Low-temperature growth of thin Pb layers and the quantum size effect. J Phys Condens Matt 9 969, 1997. 

J. C. Carrano, P. A. Grudowski, C. J. Biting, R. D. Dupuis, J. C. Campbell. Very low dark current metal-semiconductor-metal ultraviolet photodetectors fabricated on single-crystal GaN epitaxial layers. Appl Phys Lett 70 1992, 1997. 

The tnmethylsilyl enol ether of 1 mdanone (3 2 mmol) in 2 mL of methylene chlonde is added to a mixture of xenon difluonde (4 mmol) and a catalytic amount of pyndimum poly (hydrogen fluonde) m 5 mL of methylene chlonde The mixture IS stured at 0 C for 2 h and poured into dilute sodium bicarbonate solution, tlie organic layer is separated and dned After concentration and column chromatogra phy (silica gel, hexanes), 2-fluoro-1 -mdanone (mp, 59 C) is obtamed in 87% yield... 

P. Griinberg, R. Schreiber, Y. Pang, M.B. Brodsky, and H. Sowers, Layered magnetic structures Evidence for antiferromagnetic coupling of Fe layers across Cr interlayers, Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 2442 (1986). 

We use s, p, and d partial waves, 16 energy points on a semi circular contour, 135 special k-points in the l/12th section of the 2D Brillouin zone and 13 plane waves for the inter-layer scattering. The atomic wave functions were determined from the scalar relativistic Schrodinger equation, as described by D. D. Koelling and B. N. Harmon in J. Phys. C 10, 3107 (1977). 

Iim89] Lim, H.A., Cellular automaton simulations of simple boundary-layer problems, Phys. Rev. A40 (1989) 968-980. 

U. Lcmmer, R. Hcnnig, W. Guss, A. Oehse, J. Pommcrehne, R. Sander, A. Greiner, R.F. Mahn, H. Bassler, J. Feldmann, E.O. Gobcl, Microcavity effects in a spin-coaled polymer two-layer system, Appl. Phys. Lett. 1995, 66, 1301. 

Odiot, S., and Daudel, R., J. chim. phys. 51, 361, "Theory of localizability of particles. III. Further concerning the geometrical significance of the notion of layers."... 

Figure 5. Thickness of the anodic passivating film formed on iron at various potentials.6 9 Lbl and Lr, are the thicknesses of the barrier layer and the precipitated layer, respectively. Temperature is 25°C. , in a 150 mol m 3 phosphate buffer solution at pH 1.85 O, in a 300 mol m 3 borate buffer solution at pH 8.2. (From N. Sato, K. Kudo, and T. Noda, Z Phys. Chem. N. F. 98,271,1975, Fig. 5, reproduced with permission and N. Sato, K. Kudo, and R. Nishimura, / Elec-trochem. Soc, 123,1420,1976, Fig. 1. Reproduced with permission of the Electrochemical Society, Inc.)...

Figure 39. Current-time variation in nickel pitting dissolution in NaCl solution.89,91 1, double-layer charging current 2, fluctuation-diffusion current 3, minimum dissolution current 4, pit-growth current (Reprinted from M. Asanuma andR. Aogaki, Nonequilibrium fluctuation theory on pitting dissolution. II. Determination of surface coverage of nickel passive film, J. Chem. Phys. 106, 9938, 1997, Fig. 2. Copyright 1997, American Institute of Physics.)...

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