Photonic device applications

All of the applications involving waveguides discussed in the previous section may be considered passive . The polymer serves some structural, protective, or guiding function but is not integral to the functioning of a device. A number of photonic device applications are available, however, where polymers may be useful as active elements. These applications require some type of nonlinear optical response when the material is irradiated with light of very high intensity, usually from a laser. 

Bourelle, E., Suzuki, A., Sato, A., Seki, T., and J. Matsuo. 2005. Sidewall polishing with a gas cluster ion beam for photonic device applications. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 241 622-625. 

Development of Polymer Optical Waveguides for Photonic Device Applications... 

Combat J, Briand D, de Rooij N (2010b) Ink-jet printed colorimetric gas sensors on plastic foil. In Proceedings of SPIE photonic devices + applications conference 2010, San Diego, USA, July 31—August 5 Combat J, Briand D, de Rooij NF (2010c) Foil level packaging of a chemical gas sensor. J Micromech Microeng 20 055026... 

Anyway, the LSP still appears in Ag core/poly(ADA)-shell hybridized NCs, which will be one of the promising nanomaterials for photonic device application in the near future. 

Actually, self-assembly micro-structure and nano-structure of colloidal particles have generated much interest for developing photonic device application [59, 87]. The large area and regular micro-structure and nano-structure made of polymer or silica colloidal crystal on a substrate could be reahzed by means of some preparation techniques, for example, sedimentation at the gravitational field [137], crystallization induced by capillary force [138], and dewetting processes [139]. On... 

Hyperbranched polymers, are good candidates for both core and cladding materials in photonic device applications [315, 316] due to excellent processability and good optical properties in terms of low optical losses, low birefringence and high Tg. Gao et al. [317] developed ZnO/hb-Pl nanohybrid films and investigated the optical properties and fluOTescence mechanisms. An efficient energy transfer from... 

The FPI principle can also be used to develop thin-film-coating-based chemical sensors. For example, a thin layer of zeolite film has been coated to a cleaved endface of a single-mode fiber to form a low-finesse FPI sensor for chemical detection. Zeolite presents a group of crystalline aluminosilicate materials with uniform subnanometer or nanometer scale pores. Traditionally, porous zeolite materials have been used as adsorbents, catalysts, and molecular sieves for molecular or ionic separation, electrode modification, and selectivity enhancement for chemical sensors. Recently, it has been revealed that zeolites possess a unique combination of chemical and optical properties. When properly integrated with a photonic device, these unique properties may be fully utilized to develop miniaturized optical chemical sensors with high sensitivity and potentially high selectivity for various in situ monitoring applications. 

Heller, M. J. Utilization of synthetic DNA for molecular electronic and photonic-based device applications, in Lee, S. C. and Savage, L. (eds), Biological Molecules in Nanotechnology the Convergence of Biotechnology, Polymer Chemistry and Materials Science, IBC Press, Southborough, MA, USA, 1998, pp. 59-66. 

However, to make these photonic devices some method of controlling light is required so that it can be manipnlated for a particular application. In other words there is a need to be able to trap a photon of a particular wavelength, and then release it only as reqnired. This is the photonic equivalent of the semi-conductor which controls the flow of electrical cnrrent in electronic devices such as transistors. These light manipnlating materials wonld have a photonic band gap that performs an equivalent role for photons as do electronic band gap semi-conductors for electrons. This new class of materials, known as photonic band gap crystals, was first proposed in 1987, and the constrnction of these artihcial crystals has been an area for intensive research since the mid-1990s. ... 

This article focuses primarily on the properties of the most extensively studied III—V and II—VI compound semiconductors and is presented in five sections (/) a brief summary of the physical (mechanical and electrical) properties of the zincblende cubic semiconductors (2) a description of the metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) process. MOCVD is the preferred technology for the commercial growth of most heteroepitaxial semiconductor material (J) the physics and (4) applications of electronic and photonic devices and (3) the fabrication process technology in use to create both electronic and photonic devices and circuits. 

Jha. A.R. Infrared Technology Applications to Electro-Optics, Photonic Devices and Spawn, John Wiley Sons. Inc,. New York. NY. 2000. 

The synthesis of materials for device applications has very different requirements. Here, the most important questions are What does the device do and what factors will affect its performance The magnitude of the desired optical nonlinearity will always be one of many criteria that will ultimately dictate the material of choice. In many instances the magnitude of the nonlinearity will not be the most important parameter. Depending on the device applications, other considerations such as optical transparency, processability, one- and two-photon optical stability, thermal stability, orientational stability, and speed of nonlinear response will all be important. Our current understanding of NLO materials suggests that these variables are frequently interrelated and that there is often no ideal NLO material. The material of preference for a given application will typically be one that is the best compromise for a variety of variables. Tutorials by G. Stegeman and R. Zanoni, and by R. Lytel outline some of the NLO device applications and the related materials issues. 

Owing to the intrinsic optical and photophysical features discussed for metallopolyynes, it is expected that they have great potential as active materials in optical and photonic devices. Over the years, numerous studies have shown that these metallopolymers can be exploited for a collection of electronic and optoelectronic applications. 

These azobenzene LCs display the liquid crystalline phase only when the azobenzene moiety is in the trans form, and no liquid crystalline phase at any temperature when the azobenzene moiety is in the cis form. In these azobenzene LC system, it was predicted that phase transition should be induced on essentially the same time-scale as the photochemical reaction of the photoresponsive moiety in each mesogen, if the photochemical reactions of a large number of mesogens were induced simultaneously by the use of a short laser pulse (Figure 7).1391 On the basis of such a new concept, the photoresponse of azobenzene LCs with the laser pulse was examined, and it was found that the N to I phase transition was induced in 200 xsJ39 40 This fast response, on the microsecond timescale, had been demonstrated for the first time in NLCs. From the viewpoint of application of LCs to photonic devices, such a fast response is quite encouraging. 

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