Phthalocyanine photodynamic therapy

Given stringent requirements for effective sensitizers and the desire to use wavelengths further to the red for therapeutic appHcations, definition of newer sensitizers has been a principal area of research since about 1987. Expanded theoretical and experimental understanding of photophysics has been a key element in identifying new classes of potential sensitizers (93—98). Research has focused on cationic derivatives of Nile Blue (93), metaHo-phthalocyanines (94), naphthalocyanines (95), chlorin-type compounds (96), expanded ring porphyrinoids (97), as well as porphyrins other than hematoporphyrin and its derivatives (98). This work has also been reviewed (10,91). Instmmentation for photodynamic therapy has been reviewed (99). 

Porphyrins, modified natural chlorophylls, chlorins, phthalocyanins, xanthenes, phenothiazine, and phenoxazine dyes as new sensitizers for photodynamic therapy 98MI50, 98MI51, 98MI52, 98MI53. 

Fingar VH, Wieman TJ, Karavolos PS, Doak KW, Ouellet R, van Lier JE (1993) The effects of photodynamic therapy using differently substituted zinc phthalocyanines on vessel constriction, vessel leakage and tumor response. Photochem Photobiol 58 251-258. 

Gupta S, Ahmad N, Mukhtar FI (1998) Involvement of nitric oxide during phthalocyanine (Pc4) photodynamic therapy-mediated apoptosis. Cancer Res 58 1785-1788. 

Intensive research interest in peripherally functionalized porphyrazines dnring the last decade has shown that these tetrapyrol derivatives shonld be considered as alternatives to the phthalocyanines that have fonnd extensive apphcations in mat r fields. These include material science and the photodynamic therapy of tnmors as well as pigments and dyes [1]. These compounds have been nsed electrophotography, optical data, photodynamic therapy of tnmois, liquid crystals, pigments and dyes. Porphyrazines have been of considerable interest to spectroscopist and theoreticians for their high symmetrical, planar stractnre and electron delocalisation [2]. 

Iron phthalocyanines feature in a review of photodynamic therapy. " ... 

Bonnett R (1995) Photosensitizers of the porphyrin and phthalocyanine series for photodynamic therapy. Chem Soc Rev 24 19... 

Tetrapyrroles contain an extended jt-conjugated system which is responsible for their use in a wide range of applications ranging from technical (pigments, catalysts, photoconductors) to medicinal (photodynamic therapy) uses. The electronic absorption spectra are governed by the aromatic 18 tt-electron system and typically consist of two main bands. In phthalocyanines the Q band around 660-680 nm is the most intense one accompanied by a weaker Soret band near 340 nm . In porphyrins the situation is reversed with an... 

Stem SJ, Flock ST, Small S, Thomsen S, Jacques S. Photodynamic therapy with chloroaluminum sulfonated phthalocyanine in the rat window chamber. American Journal of Surgery 1990, 160, 360-364. 

Visona A, Angelini A, Gobbo S, et al. Local photodynamic therapy with Zn(ll)-phthalocyanine in an experimental model of intimal hyperplasia. J Photochem Photobiol B 2000 57(2 3) 94 101. 

Nyamekye I, Buonaccorsi G, McEwan J, etal. Inhibition of intimal hyperplasia in balloon injured arteries with adjunctive phthalocyanine sensitised photodynamic therapy. Eur J Vase Endovasc Surg 1996 I I (I) 19-28. 

Tedesco AC, Rotta JCG, Lunardi CN (2003) Synthesis, photophysical and photochemical aspects of phthalocyanines for photodynamic therapy. Curr Org Chem 7 187-196... 

Pandey R. Recent advances in photodynamic therapy. J Porphyrins Phthalocyanines 2000 4 368-73. 

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