Phosphate horizontal distributions

Horizontal distributions of (a) 02(mLyL), (b) percent saturation of 02(%), (c) phosphate ( j,mol/L), (d) nitrate ( ji,mol/L), and (e) silicate ( ji,mol/L) at 4000 m depth in the worid s major ocean basins. The horizontal distribution of AOU was presented In Figure 8.2. Source After Conkright, M. E., et al. (2002). World Ocean Atlas 2001, Volume 4 Nutrients, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 52, U.S. Government Printing Office (See companion website for color version.)... 

Fig. 2.40. Horizontal distribution (jimol/L) of phosphate and silicate of the Bohai Sea in spring (BH99) and autumn (BH98) (Zhang et al., 2004) (With permission...

Seasonal variation and horizontal distribution of nutrients N, P, and Si DIN (the sum of nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium) and phosphate concentrations did not have an obvious annual, less than annual, or even seasonal cyclical variation. Throughout Jiaozhou Bay in one year, the DIN values were >2.36 pmol/L and the phosphate values were >0.16 pmol/L. Silicate seasonal variation showed a repeated annual cyclic pattern. Every year there was only one highest value of silicate concentration in surmner. Throughout Jiaozhou Bay, silicate values were <2 pmol/L in spring, autumn, and winter, but in summer were >2 pmol/L. For example, at stations 1 and 4 in Jiaozhou Bay, the seasonal variations of DIN concentration, phosphate concentration and silicate concentration were as shown in Figs. 3.60, 3.61, and 3.62. 

Two major patterns of horizontal distribution can be discerned for Cd in the oceans (i) a much smaller concentration in the deep Atlantic compared to the deep Pacific and Indian Oceans, as is characteristic of all algal nutrients (ii) a decrease in surface concentrations from the coasts of continents to the open oceans, which is observed for many elements. Cadmium concentrations in the deep Atlantic 0.3 nM) are roughly three times lower than in the deep Pacific or Indian Oceans (0.9 nM Fig. 4) about the same factor as observed for phosphate [20-22]. This higher accumulation in the deep waters of the Pacific than in those of the Atlantic results from the simultaneous downward transport of the elements that are incorporated in settling biomass and the horizontal transport by major oceanic currents, which run toward the Atlantic at the surface and toward the Pacific in deep waters [23]. 

FIGURE 23-13 Metabolic pathways for glucose 6-phosphate in the liver. Here and in Figures 23-14 and 23-15, anabolic pathways are shown leading upward, catabolic pathways leading downward, and distribution to other organs horizontally. The numbered processes in each figure are described in the text. 

We have already discussed the properties of human erythrocytic acid phosphatase (Section 3.3), and we pointed out that, like acid phosphate in other tissues, it may exist in several isoenzymatic forms. In 1963, Hopkinson et al. (H13) subjected hemolysates of human red cells from an English population to horizontal starch-gel electrophoresis for 17 hours at 5°C. The gels were then sliced horizontally, covered with 0.05 M phenolphthalein sodium diphosphate at pH 6.0, and allowed to incubate for 3 hours at 37°C. Five different electrophoretic patterns of acid phosphatase activity could be distinguished in different individuals. Shortly thereafter Lai and his associates (L2) confirmed these findings and discovered an additional sixth pattern which had been predicted by Hopkinson et al. (H13). The distribution of these patterns in various types of population was assiduously pursued within the next several years, and several new ones were discovered in Negro populations (G3, K2). 

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