Phosphates glutathione conjugation

Oxygen is normally readily available to all reasonably well-perfused tissues, but deep inside organs such as the liver, especially the centrilobular area (see chap. 6), there will be a reduction in the oxygen concentration. This is clearly important when both oxidative and reductive pathways are available for a particular substrate. Therefore, as conditions in a particular tissue become more anaerobic, reductive pathways will become more important. This is well illustrated by the metabolism of halo thane where, in the rat, hypoxia will increase reductive metabolism and hepa to toxicity (see chap. 7). Glutathione is an extremely important cofactor, involved in both protection and conjugation. It may be depleted by both of these processes, or under certain circumstances, such as hereditary glucose-6-phosphate deficiency in man, supply may be reduced (see chap. 5). This will clearly influence toxicity, and there are a number of examples discussed in chapter 7 in which it is important. 

Saha, N Stoll, B., Lang, F., Haussinger, D. (1992). Effect of anisotonic cell volume modulation on glutathione-S-conjugate release, t-butylhydroperoxide metabolism and the pentose-phosphate shunt in perfused rat liver. Eur. J. Biochem. 209, 437-444. 

Conjugation with Sugars, Amino Acids, Glutathione, Phosphate Sulfate, etc. 

Figure 9 Handling of 6-PG in renal proximal tubular cells. Abbreviations BBM, brush border plasma membrane BLM, basolateral plasma membrane 6-MP, 6-mercaptopurine 6-PG, S-(6-purinyl) glutathione 6-PC, S-(6-purinyl)-L-cysteine NAcPC, w-acetyl-S-(6-purinyl)-L-cysteine GGT, y-glutamyltransferase DP, dipeptidase P-lyase, cysteine conjugate P-lyase PLP, pyridoxal phosphate XO, xanthine oxidase 6-ThXan, 6-thioxanthine 6-ThUrate, 6-thiourate AOAA, aminooxyacetic acid and Av /, membrane potential. (Adapted from Ref. 30.)...

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