Phenolic compounds paper chromatography

P4. Parry, T. E., Paper chromatography of fifty-six amino compounds using phenol and butanol-acetic acid as solvents, with illustrative chromatograms of normal and abnormal urines. Clin. Chim. Acta 2, 115-125 (1957). 

Pridham, J.B. 1959. Paper electrophoresis and paper chromatography of phenolic compounds. J. Chromatogr. A 2 605-611. 

Paul, T.J., M. Dunn, R. McKeivor, D. Graham, and V. Graham The determination of major phenolic compound in mainstream and sidestream tobacco smoke by high performance liquid chromatography 2002 CORESTA Congress, Paper ST 32. 

Wilson, S.A. Determination of the selective removal of phenolic compounds by cigarette filters using high-performance liquid chromatography 48th Tobacco Chemists Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 48, Paper No. 19, 1994, p. 34. 

Jnrd, L. Chromatography of phenolic compounds on borate impregnated paper. J. Chromatog. 4, 369 (1960). 

Table 2 Phenolic compounds isolated by Preparative Paper Chromatography (PPC).

Singleton, V.L., Draper, D.E. and Rossi, A.J.A. Jr. (1966) Paper chromatography of phenolic compounds from grapes, particularly seeds and some variety-ripeness relationships. Am. J. Enol. Viticult. 17, 206-217. 

One of the most useful techniques for the investigation of phenolic constituents of biological material is paper chromatography (see Section 11,3) which may be used for identification or estimation. A preliminary investigation (21,26) of normal rabbit urine showed the presence of m- and p-hydroxybenzoic acids, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, catechol, 2,3-, 3,4-, and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acids, vanillic acid, and p-cumaric acid as well as several unidentified substances reacting like phenolic compounds, p-Cresol and p-ethylphenol are phenols which cannot be easily detected by paper chromatography. 

Undoubtedly the most rewarding technique for the qualitative examination of phends is that of paper chromatography (Section II,3). It can be carried out easily, quickly, and without elaborate apparatus and permits identification of the phenols with some measure of certainty if the appropriate reference compounds are available it can give an indication of the total number of phenols present in a mixture and often a rough estimate of the relative amounts present. 

Phenolic compounds can be detected by diazonium reagents (also useful in paper chromatography). The most widely used are ft/>diazotized benzidine, Echtblausalz B, and Echtblausalz BB. The benzidine reagent consists of two solutions (solution A 5 gm benzidine and 14 ml concentrated hydrochloric acid in 1000 ml water solution B 100 gm sodium nitrite in 1000 ml water) of which equal amounts are mixed just before use. The ready reagent mixture is stable for less than 1 hour. The Echtblausalz reagents can be used as 0.01-0.1% aqueous solutions either alone or followed by a 1% potassium hydroxide solution. Heating the plates for a short time might reveal additional spots. 

The characteristics of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) make it the method of choice for the separation of these compounds. Many improvements have been made in this field however, it was in the area of devices for detection and identification coupled to HPLC that more advances were made in recent years. These methods avoid the tedious and time-consuming isolation of compounds for the subsequent individual identification of each compound. In this paper, an overview of the analysis of phenolics by HPLC is provided. 

Reio, L., 1970. Third supplement for paper chromatographic separation and identification of phenol derivatives and related compounds of biochemical interest using a reference-system. Journal of Chromatography. 47 60-85. 

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