Capillary electrophoresis phenolic compounds

Andrade, P., Ferreres, F., Gil, M. I., and Tomas-Barberfe, F. A. (1997). Determination of phenolic compounds in honeys with different floral origin by capillary zone electrophoresis. Food Chem. 60, 79-84. 

Over the past two decades, capillary electrophoresis (CE) and related techniques have rapidly developed for the separation of a wide range of analytes, ranging from large protein molecules to small inorganic ions. Gas chromatography has been considered as a powerful tool due to its sensitivity and selectivity, especially when coupled with mass spectrometry. Nevertheless, liquid chromatography is the most used method to separate and analyze phenolic compounds in plant and tissue samples. 

Huck WC, Stecher G, Scherz H and Bonn G. 2005. Analysis of drugs, natural and bioactive compounds containing phenolic groups by capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 26(7-8) 1319-1333. 

Lafont F, Aramendia M, Garcia I, Borau V, Jimenez C, Marinas JM and Urbano F. 1999. Analyses of phenolic compounds by capillary electrophoresis electrospray mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 13(7) 562-567. 

Kuldvee, R., Vaher, M., Koel, M., and Kaljurand, M., Heteroconjugation-based capillary elctrophoretic separation of phenolic compounds in acetonitrile and propylene carbonate. Electrophoresis, 24,1627-1634, 2003. 

Many excellent discussions of natural occurrence, structure, characterization, and analysis of phenolic compounds are available in the literature, and a series of books devoted to flavonoid chemistry has also been published. Detailed discussions on various chromatographic modes, including HPLC, GC, column chromatography (CC), capillary electrophoresis (CE), PC, and TLC, of simple phenolics and polyphenols are also presented in the recent book, Handbook of Food Analysis, volume 1, edited by Nollet (1). Due to their diversity and the chemical complexity of phenolic compounds, this chapter is limited to phenolic compounds that are considered to be important to foods and the food industry. 

Arraez-Roman, D., GomezCaravaca, A. M., Gomez-Romero, M., Segura-Carratero, A., and Fernandez-Gutierrez, A. (2006). Identification of phenolic compounds in rosemary honey using solid-phase extraction by capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. ]. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 41,1648-1656. 

Garcia-Viguera, C., Bridle, P. (1995). Analysis of non-coloured phenolic compounds in red wines. A comparison of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Capillary Zone Electrophoresis. Food Chem., 54, 349-352. 

Vanhoenacker, G., De Villiers, A., Lazou, K., De Keukeleire, D., Sandra, P. (2001). Comparison of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography - Mass Spectroscopy and Capillary Electrophoresis - Mass Spectroscopy for the analysis of phenolic compounds in diethyl ether extracts of red wines. Chromatographia, 54, 309-315. 

Bonoh, M., Mantanucci, M., Toschi, T.G., and Lercker, G. Fast separation and determination of tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol and other phenolic compounds in extra-virgin olive oil by capillary zone electrophoresis with ultraviolet-diode array detection. Journal of Chromatography A, 1011,163-172. 2003. 

J. Kronholm, P. Revilla-Ruiz, S.P. Porras, K. Hartonen, R. Carabfas-Martfnez and M.-L. Riekkola, Comparison of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis in analysis of phenolic compounds extracted from solid matrices with pressurized hot water, J. Chromatogr. A. 1022, 9, 2004. 

E. Blanco, M.C. Casais, M.C. Mejuto and R. Cela, Analysis of tetrabromobisphenol A and other phenolic compounds in water samples by non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis coupled to photodiode array ultraviolet detection, J. Chromatogr. A, 1071, 205-211, 2005. 

J. Wang, M.P. Chatrathi and B. Tian, Capillary electrophoresis microchips with thick-film amperometric detectors separation and detection of phenolic compounds. Anal Chim. Acta, 2000, 416, 9-14. 

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a good alternative to GC and LC techniques for profile determination of OL derivatives. CE requires minimal sample preparatiOTi and represents a good compromise between analysis time and satisfactory characterization. The most efficient operative mode to separate phenolic compounds is the borate-based CE, which makes use of a borate run buffer at alkaline pH [52], To date, the most widely used detector in CE is based on UV absorption [53, 54], although the coupling to MS analyzers such as QqQ, IT, TOF has revalorized the potential of this technique [55]. 

Bianco A, Uccella N (2000) Biophenolic components of olives. Food Res Int 33 475 85 Savarese M et al (2007) Characterization of phenolic extracts from olives (Olea europaea cv. Pisciottana) by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Food Chem 105 761-770 Ryana D et al (1999) Determination of phenolic compounds in olives by reversed-phase chromatography and mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 832 87-96 Priego-Capote F et al (2004) Fast separation and determination of phenolic compounds by capillary electrophoresis-diode array detection application to the characterization of alperujo after ultrasound-assisted extraction. J Chromatogr A 1045 239-246... 

Javor, T., Buchberger, W., and Tanzcos, I., Determination of low molecular mass phenolic and non-phenolic bgnin degradation compounds in wood digestion solution by capillary electrophoresis, Microchim. Acta, 135, 45, 2000. 

Priego-Capote, F., Ruiz-Jimenez, J., and Luque de Castro, M.D., Fast separation and determination of phenolic compounds by capillary electrophoresis-diode array detection. Application to the characterisation of alperujo after ultrasound-assisted extraction, J. Chromatogr. A, 1045, 239, 2004. 

Wang and coworkers have also separated and detected three different groups of pollutants (nitrophenols, aromatic amines, and chlorophenols) by capillary electrophoresis on a glass microchip with amperometric detectimi using river and ground-water samples. In this case, the detected compounds were previously added. Five nitrophenol derivates were detected in 120 s with a glassy carbon electrode, three aromatic amines (4-aminophenol, 2-aminonaphthalene, and o-aminobenzoic acid) in 150 s with a boron-doped diamond thin-film detector,and phenol and three... 

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