Phenol phenotype

In nature, S. aureus may occur as mucoid strains, in which a slime layer surrounds the cells. Such mucoid strains are less susceptible than nonmucoid strains to chloroxylenol (27), cetrimide (28) or chlorhexidine (13) although there is little difference in response with phenols or chlorinated phenols [111]. Removal of slime by washing renders cells as phenotypically sensitive to biocides as non-mucoid cells [111]. The protective nature of slime could be achieved by its acting as either (i) a physical barrier to biocide penetration, or (ii) a loose layer that interacts with, or absorbs, the biocide. 

Raftogianis, R.B., Wood, T.C., and Weinshilboum, R.M. (1999) Human phenol sulfotransferases SULT1A2 and SULT1A1 genetic polymorphisms, allozyme properties, and human liver genotype-phenotype correlations. Biochem. Pharmacol, 58, 605-616. 

S., Plaxco,)., Kadlubar, F.F., and Lang, N.P. (2000) Relationship of phenol sulfotransferase activity (SULT1A1) genotype to sulfotransferase phenotype in platelet cytosol. Pharmacogenetics, 10, 789-797. 

In this review, we examine the induced chemical defenses of P. abies, defenses whose levels increase following herbivore or pathogen attack. Induced defenses have attracted much attention in recent years because of their widespread occurrence in plants and their usefulness as subjects for study. Here, we cover the induction of several different classes of induced defenses in P. abies, including terpene-containing resins, phenolic compounds, and chitinases. Our focus is not only on their defensive roles, but also on how the levels of these compounds may be manipulated by biochemical and molecular methods while minimizing other phenotypic changes. Manipulation of defense compoimds in intact plants is a valuable approach to assessing their value to the plant. 

The phenolic compounds shown to reduce aflatoxin production in response to oxidative stress have potential as tools to investigate functional elucidation of the genes involved but this is limited by the absence of a practical gene transformation system. In the absence of a direct approach with A flavus, use can be made of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, for which numerous stress response pathways have been characterized [34]. Selected 5. cerevisiae strains, including mutants with single gene deletions, have been used as a model to evaluate phenotypic response to oxidative stress induced by H2O2 [35]. 

Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester (CAPE). CAPE, a phenolic compound with antioxidant properties, is an active ingredient derived from honeybee propolis (52). CAPE has antiviral, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative properties. The compound differentially suppresses the growth of numerous human cancer cells and also inhibits tumor promoter-mediated processes in transformed cells (53,54). In transformed cells, CAPE induces apoptosis and inhibits the expression of the malignant phenotype (55,56). In addition, CAPE treatment attenuates the formation of azoxymethane-induced aberrant crypts and the activities of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), tyrosin protein kinase, and lipoxygenase activity (57). Although the molecular basis for these multiple chemopreventive effects of CAPE is not clear, recent studies have demonstrated that CAPE is a potent and specific inhibitor of the transcription factor NF-kB (58). CAPE inhibited the activity and expression of COX-2 in the carrageenan air pouch model of inflammation as well as in TPA-treated human oral epithelial cells (59). CAPE was able to reduce neointimal formation by inhibiting NF-kB activation in a model of endothelial injury of rat carotid artery (60). 

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