Stress response pathways

Epithelial cells of the GI tract are exposed to various agents (as indicated in previous sections) and conditions that activate stress-response pathways. This results in either cell survival or cell death. Those cells with inadequate cellular defenses may die by one of three major cell death mechanisms, apoptosis, autophagy or necrosis, depending upon the particular stress conditions. 

Turbyville TJ, Wijeratne EMK, Whitesell L, Gunatilaka AAL, The anticancer activity of the fungal metabolite terrecyclic acid A is associated with modulation of multiple cellular stress response pathways. Mol Cancer Therapeutics 4 1569— 1576,2005. 

AC50 effects on selected endocrine-and stress-response pathways... 

Williams, M.E., Torabinejad, J., Cohick, E., Parker, K., Drake, E.J., Thompson, J.E., Hortter, M., Dewald, D.B., 2005, Mutations in the Arabidopsis phosphoinositide phosphatase gene SAC9 lead to over accumulation of PtdIns(4,5)P2 and constitutive expression of the stress-response pathway. Plant Physiol. 138 686-700. 

Aranda, A., del Olmo, M. (2003). Response to acetaldehyde stress in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae involves a strain-dependent regulation of several ALD genes and is mediated by the general stress response pathway. Yeast, 20, 747-759. 

Hayes, M.J., Merrifield, C.J., Shao, D., Ayala-Sanmartin, J., Schorey, C.D., Levine, T.P., Proust, J., Curran, J., Bailly, M. and Moss, S.E. (2004) Annexin 2 binding to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate on endocytic vesicles is regulated by the stress response pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 14157-14164. 

Osborn AJ, Elledge SJ, Zou L. Checking on the fork the DNA-replication stress-response pathway. Trends Cell Biol. 2002 12 509-516. 

There is not yet a clear understanding of the actual effectiveness of the use of classical preservatives such as organic acids in conjunction with other common components of food preservation systems. This entails the physiological and molecular mechanisms within cells and whether microorganisms die or adapt and survive as a result of this preservation. For example, which signal transduction systems are involved and which stress proteins are induced, how are these systems induced, and how much cellular energy (ATP) is involved in each system The amount of available energy will determine to what extent a microbial cell will activate the various stress response pathways (Brul and Coote, 1999). 

Key words Stress response pathways, Transcription factor, p53, Nrf2, Unfolded protein response, ATF4, HIF-1 alpha, Metal-responsive transcription factor-1, Inflammation, FOXO, Energy stress response, Nuclear receptors... 

We have documented the main stress response pathways responsible for the majority of homeostatic changes encountered in stressed cells and therefore of major importance as measurable factors in in vitro toxicity models. There are others however, which may have important regulatory functions not only in a universal response capacity but also in specific cell systems or in response to particular stress conditions. We will briefly describe some of these pathways and key targets which may indicate their regulation in testing strategies. 

Cells are equipped with a large number of defence mechanisms, or stress response pathways, to protect themselves and their surrounding tissue from injury. The majority of these defence mechanisms are turned on to redress a specific homeostatic imbalance and are turned off again when homeostasis has been restored. Such pathways include the p53 stress response, which senses amongst other things DNA damage, Nrf2 oxidative stress response, HIF-1 alpha hypoxia stress response, unfolded protein response, and inflammatory stress responses [34], In this chapter we aim to demonstrate how some of these pathways have contributed to the identification of excellent mechanistic biomarkers. In Chap. 19 we describe these pathways in much more detail. 

Jennings P (2013) Stress response pathways, toxicity pathways and adverse outcome pathways. Arch Toxicol 87(1) 13-14... 

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