Pharmacokinetics of nicotine

Molander L, Lunell E, Andersson SB, Kuylenstierna F (1996) Dose released and absolute bioavaU-ability of nicotine from a nicotine vapor inhaler, din Pharmacol Ther 59(4) 394 00 Molander L, Hansson A, Lunell E, Alainentalo L, Hoffmann M, Larsson R (2000) Pharmacokinetics of nicotine in kidney failure, din Pharmacol Ther 68(3) 250-260 Molander L, Hansson A, Lunell E (2001) Pharmacokinetics of nicotine in healthy elderly people. Clin Pharmacol Ther 69(l) 57-65... 

Kyerematen GA, Taylor LH, deBethizy JD, Vesell ES (1988a) Pharmacokinetics of nicotine and 12 metabolites in the rat. Application of a new radiometric high performance liquid chromatography assay. Drug Metab Dispos 16 125-129... 

Note. For a review of the pharmacokinetics of nicotinic acid see R. Gugler, Clin. Pharmacokinet., 1978, 3, 425-439. 

Adlkofer, F. Pharmacokinetics of nicotine, cotinine, and 3 -hydroxy-cotinine in cigarette smokers. Supplement. 

Di RW, Kolbe K, Merz B, de Vries J, Weber E, Benet LZ. Pharmacokinetics of nicotinic acid-salicylic acid interaction Clin Pharmacol Ther (1989) 46,642-7. 

Syntheses of naphthyridone derivatives follow the same procedures as those of quinolones, except that substituted 2-aminopyridines (Gould-Jacobs modification) or substituted nicotinic ester/nicotinoyl chloride are used instead of anilines or o-halobenzoic acid derivatives. Most of the recently introduced quinolone antibacterials possess bicyclic or chiral amino moieties at the C-7 position, which result in the formation of enantiomeric mixtures. In general, one of the enantiomers is the active isomer, therefore the stereospecific synthesis and enantiomeric purity of these amino moieties before proceeding to the final step of nucleophilic substitution at the C-7 position of quinolone is of prime importance. The enantiomeric purity of other quinolones such as ofloxacin (a racemic mixture) plays a major role in the improvement of the antibacterial efficacy and pharmacokinetics of these enan-... 

An understanding of the pharmacology of nicotine and how nicotine produces addiction and influences smoking behavior provides a necessary basis for therapeutic advances in smoking cessation interventions. This chapter provides a review of several aspects of the human pharmacology of nicotine. These include the presence and levels of nicotine and related alkaloids in tobacco products, the absorption of nicotine from tobacco products and nicotine medications, the distribution of nicotine in body tissues, the metabolism and renal excretion of nicotine, nicotine and cotinine blood levels during tobacco use or nicotine replacement therapy, and biomarkers of nicotine exposure. For more details and references on the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of nicotine, the reader is referred to Hukkanen et al. (2005c). 

Table 1 Nicotine absorption pharmacokinetics of different forms of nicotine administration in single doses (modified from Hukkanen et al. 2005c)...

Choi JH, Dresler CM, Norton MR, Strahs KR (2003) Pharmacokinetics of a nicotine polacrilex lozenge. Nicotine Tob Res 5(5) 635-644... 

Dalet-Beluche 1, Boulenc X, Eabre G, Maurel P, Bonfils C (1992) Purification of two cytochrome P450 isozymes related to CYP2A and CYP3A gene families from monkey (baboon, Papio papio) liver microsomes. Cross reactivity with human forms. Eur J Biochem 204 641-648 Damaj Ml, Siu EC, Sellers EM, Tyndale RE, Martin BR (2007) Inhibition of nicotine metabolism by methoxysalen Pharmacokinetic and pharmacological studies in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 320 250-257... 

Byrd GD, Davis RA, Caldwell WS, Robinson JH, deBethizy JD (1998) A further study of FTC yield and nicotine absorption in smokers. Psychopharmacology 139 291-299 Chaudhri N, Caggiula AR, Donny EC, Palmatier MI, Liu X, Sved AF (2006) Complex interactions between nicotine and nonpharmacological stimuli reveal multiple roles for nicotine in reinforcement. Psychopharmacology 184 353-366 Cone EJ (1995) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cocaine, J Analy Toxicol 19 459 78 Desai RI, Terry P (2003) Evidence of cross-tolerance between behavioural effects of nicotine and cocaine in mice. Psychopharmacology 166 111-119 Desai RI, Barber DJ, Terry P (1999) Asymmetric generalization between the discriminative stimulus effects of nicotine and cocaine, Behav Pharmacol 10 647-656... 

Belluzzi JD, Lee AG, Oliff HS, Leslie FM (2004) Age-dependent effects of nicotine on locomotor activity and conditioned place preference in rats. Psychopharmacology 174 389-395 Benowitz NL (1990) Pharmacokinetic considerations in understanding nicotine dependence. CIBA... 

Cone EJ (1995) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cocaine, J Anal Toxicol 19 459-78 Cryan JF, Bruijnzeel AW, Skjei KL, Markou A (2003) Bupropion enhances brain reward function and reverses the affective and somatic aspects of nicotine withdrawal in the rat. Psychopharmacology 168 347-358... 

Mechanism of Action A smoking deterrent that inhibits acetylcholine at the auto-nomicganglia. Blocks central nicotinic cholinergic receptors, which inhibits effects of nicotine. Therapeutic Effect Reduces blood pressure decreases desire to smoke. Pharmacokinetics Completely absorbed following PO administration. Widely distributed. Excreted in urine. Half-life 24 hr. 

Green JT, Rhodes J, Thomas GA, Evans BK, et al. Nicotine carbomer enemas—pharmacokinetics of a revised formulation. Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998 30 260—265. 

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