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Pharmaceuticals liquid formulation

Figure 9.25 Typical plot of the various flow properties in pharmaceutical liquid formulations. 1, Newtonian flow 2, pseudoplastic 3, Bingham plastic. From Samyn [64]. Samyn s explanation is as follows ... Figure 9.25 Typical plot of the various flow properties in pharmaceutical liquid formulations. 1, Newtonian flow 2, pseudoplastic 3, Bingham plastic. From Samyn [64]. Samyn s explanation is as follows ...
Raman spectroscopy is emerging as a powerful analytical tool in the pharmaceutical industry, both in PAT and in qualitative and quantitative analyses of pharmaceuticals. Reviews of analyses of pharmaceuticals by Raman spectroscopy have been published.158 159 Applications include identification of raw materials, quantification of APIs in different formulations, polymorphic screening, and support of chemical development process scale-up. Recently published applications of Raman spectroscopy in high-throughput pharmaceutical analyses include determination of APIs in pharmaceutical liquids,160,161 suspensions,162 163 ointments,164 gel and patch formulations,165 and tablets and capsules.166-172... [Pg.268]

In most cases, ointments, suppositories, ophthalmic, and parenteral products assume the color of their ingredients and do not contain color additives. In addition to esthetics and the certification status of a dye, a formulation pharmacist must select the dyes to be used in a particular formula on the basis of the physical and chemical properties of the dyes available. Of prime importance is the solubility of a prospective dye in the vehicle to be used for a liquid formulation or in a solvent to be employed during a pharmaceutical process (such as when the dye is sprayed on a batch of tablets). In general, most dyes are broadly grouped into those that are water-soluble and those that are oil-soluble few, if any, dyes are both. [Pg.394]

For a liquid or semi-solid pharmaceutical dosage form, it is crucial to include a preservative in the formulation. Commonly used preservatives in these systems include sodium benzoate, EDTA, sorbic acid, and parabens. A generic HPLC method is also recommended for the preservatives used in liquid formulations for routine monitoring to ensure the stability of the preservative itself and it must be validated specific to its use with the dosage form. (See chapters on Sample Preparation and Method Development.)... [Pg.353]

Niazi, Sarfaraz, 1949- Handbook of pharmaceutical manufacturing formulations liquid products/ Sarfaraz K. Niazi. p. cm. Includes index. Contents — v.3. Liquid products ISBN 0-8493-1748-9 (alk. paper) 1. Drugs—Dosage forms—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Title ... [Pg.238]

Generally, colors are used to match the flavor or color changes of an oral liquid formulation. Pharmaceutical coloring agents are divided into groups that are soluble in water (dyes) and those that are insoluble in water (pigments). The colors approved for clear liquid preparations are limited to the dyes. [Pg.174]

Insofar as the scale-up of pharmaceutical liquids (especially disperse systems) and semisolids is concerned, virtually no guidelines or models for scale-up have generally been available that have stood the test of time. Uhl and Von Essen [54], referring to the variety of rules of thumb, calculation methods, and extrapolation procedures in the literature, state, Unfortunately, the prodigious literature and attributions to the subject [of scale-up] seemed to have served more to confound. Some allusions are specious, most rules are extremely limited in application, examples give too little data and limited analysis. Not surprisingly, then, the trial-and-error method is the one most often employed by formulators. As a result, serendipity and practical experience continue to play large roles in the successful pursuit of the scalable process. [Pg.78]

Niazi SK, editor. 2004. Handbook of pharmaceutical manufacturing formulations. Volume 3 Liquid products. Boca Raton, FL CRC Press. [Pg.342]

Ketamine is a compound with a molecular structure similar to that of phencyclidine (Figure 4.2). The pharmaceutical versions of ketamine are clear, colorless liquids available in varying concentrations of 10,50, and 100 milligram/milliliter solutions (Figure 4.3). Many recreational users inject this liquid intramuscularly or intravenously. It is the liquid formulation that is used as a date rape drug. Liquid ketamine, which is clear and colorless, can easily be slipped into a drink without being detected. [Pg.56]

For liquid formulations, the choice of using either a salt or a carbohydrate to adjust the osmolality of the solution is made by the impact on protein stability. Sodium chloride is one of the most commonly used salts in the formulation of both traditional pharmaceutics as well as biological pharmaceutics. It is extremely safe, well tolerated, and inexpensive. However, the presence of sodium chloride in a formulation of rhuMAb HER2 was found to increase oxidation when the formulation was stored in stainless steel containers, presumably because the sodium chloride promoted corrosion of the stainless steel. Interactions of salts with the proteins must be investigated on an individual basis because the type and concentration of salt may lead to protein aggregation. [Pg.291]

In addition to traditional dermal and transdermal delivery formulations, such as creams, ointments, gels, and patches, several other systems have been evaluated. In the pharmaceutical semisolid and liquid formulation area,these include sprays, foams, multiple emulsions, microemulsions, liposomal formulations, transfersomes, niosomes, ethosomes, cyclodextrins, glycospheres, dermal membrane structures, and microsponges. Many of these novel systems use vesicles to modulate drug delivery. Novel transdermal... [Pg.1317]

The pharmaceutical practice has shown that many marketed liquid formulations, which utilize cosolvents, involve multiple solvents (Yalkowsky and Roseman, 1981). However, the experimental determinations of the solubilities in multicomponent solutions are time-consuming because of the large number of compositions needed to cover the concentration ranges of interest and can be very expensive because of the high prices of some modern drugs. For this reason, it is important to provide a reliable method for predicting the solubility of drugs in multicomponent... [Pg.216]

Niazi SK. Handbook of Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Formulations, Vol. 3 Liquid Products. Boca Raton, PL CRC Press, 2004. [Pg.461]

In addition to the traditional dermal delivery formulations discussed above, several other pharmaceutical semi-solid and liquid formulation types have been the subject of a considerable amount of R D. These include sprays, foams, multiple emulsions, microemulsions, liposomal formulations, niosomes, cyclodextrins, glycospheres, dermal membrane structures and microsponges. Although some of these formulations form part of the pharmaceutical armamentarium, they are yet to achieve widespread application and are not within the scope of this chapter. The interested reader is referred to the excellent coverage by Osborne and Amann (1990), Kreuter (1994) and Liu and Wisniewski (1997). [Pg.556]


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