Liquid petroleum

The flash point of a petroleum liquid is the temperature to which it must be brought so that the vapor evolved burns spontaneously in the presence of a flame. For diesel fuel, the test is conducted according to a closed cup technique (NF T 60-103). The French specifications stipulate that the flash point should be between 55°C and 120°C. That constitutes a safety criterion during storage and distribution operations. Moreover, from an official viewpoint, petroleum products are classified in several groups according to their flash points which should never be exceeded. 

Storage Vessels for Petroleum Liquids for Which Construction, Reconstruction, or Modification Commenced after June 11, 1973, and Prior to May 19, 1978... 

The hydrogen content of petroleum fuels can be calculated from density with the following formula, with an accuracy of about 1 percent for petroleum liquids that contain no sulfur, water, or ash ... 

FIG. 27-4 Thermal conductivity of petroleum liquids. The solid lines refer to density expressed as degrees API the broken lines refer to relative density at 288 K (15 C). (K = [ F + 459.7]/1.8)... 

The Solubility of Inorganic Gases In Petroleum Liquids Can Be Estimated by This Nomograph... 

The equilibrium solubility of common inorganic gases in petroleum liquids can now be estimated by nomograph. The relationship is based on an earlier correlation established by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the subject of a standard method approved by the American Society of Testing and Materials. 

For densities of petroleum liquid other than 0.85, the equation is as follows ... 

Hughes, J.R. (1970) Storage and Handling of Petroleum Liquids - Practice and Law, 2nd edn, Griffin, London. Institution of Chemical Engineers (1983) The Preparation of Plant for Maintenance, London. 

Natural gas is a mixture of naturally-occurring methane (CH ) with other hydrocarbons and inert gases. The 2.3 trillion cubic meters (Tcm) or 81 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of gas marketed and consumed globally in 1997 accounted for about 24 percent of the world s primary energy, ranking third among fuels after petroleum liquids (40%) and coal (25%). 

Measurement of Petroleum Liquid Hydrocarbons by Positive Displacement Meter... 

Gas from a well which also is producing petroleum liquid ... 

In some cases the decision whether storage vessels will be equipped with a vapor recovery system has been determined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). In 1973 it set the standards4,5 for all petroleum liquids that are stored in vessels of mcae than 65,000 gal (245 m3). It states that if the vapor pressure is greater than 11.1 psia (570 mm Hg) a vapor recovery system or its equivalent must be installed on any new tanks. If the vapor pressure is between 1.52 psia (78 mm Hg) and 11.1 psia (570 mm Hg), a floating head tank may be used or a vapor recovery system may be installed. Since the former is cheaper it will usually be selected. Below 1.52 psia (78 mm Hg) only a conservation vent or its equivalent is required. 

A continuous cyclic process for desulfurizing a petroleum liquid, in which the activity of the biocatalyst is regenerated, has also been considered. 

In the approach followed in this invention [29], a biocatalytic agent converts the sulfur heterocycles into different molecules that do not exhibit the hydrophobic interactions. This is achieved by selectively cleaving carbon-sulfur bonds. The selectivity of the biocatalytic agent employed is limited to the carbon-sulfur bonds and no attack to the carbon-carbon skeleton was reported. Thus, it is expected that the proposed biocatalytic reduction of viscosity would not diminish the fuel value of the treated petroleum liquids. The biocatalyst employed consisted of the strain ATCC No. 53968 (see Section 20 and references therein), in an aqueous culture conventionally prepared by fermentation under aerobic conditions. The fermenting bioreactor is fed with a suitable nutrient medium, which comprises a conventional carbon source (dextrose and glycerol are recommended carbon sources. To confer maximal biocatalytic activity for the desired cleavage of organic C—S bonds, the bacteria was kept in a state of sulfur deprivation. 

There are numerous refining methods employed to extract the fractions of petroleum liquids and gases. A particular refinery process design is normally dependent on the raw feedstock characteristics (e.g., crude oil and produced gas natural specifications) and the market demands (e.g., aviation or automotive gasolines), which it intends to meet. 

In fact, distillation involves the general procedure of vaporizing the petroleum liquid in a suitable flask either at atmospheric pressure (ASTM D86, D216, D285, D447, D2892) or at reduced pressure (ASTM D1160). 

Burner fuel oil any petroleum liquid suitable for combustion. 

Heat capacity (specific heat) of petroleum liquids between 0 and 205°C (32 and 400°F), having a relative density of 0.75 to 0.96 at 15°C (60°F), can be calculated within 2 to 4 percent of the experimental values from the following equations ... 

Tag closed-cup tester analy chem A laboratory device used to determine the flash point of mobile petroleum liquids flashing below 175°F (79.4°C). Also known as Tagliabue closed tester. tag klozd k3p tes-tor tagged molecule chem A molecule having one or more atoms which are either... 

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