Petroleum group type analysis

Petroleum group type analysis (not suitable for risk estimation) Group type analyses are performed to measure the amounts of individual petroleum classes of hydrocarbons (e.g. saturates, aromatics, polars). This type of measurement is typically used for heavier fractions and can be used to interpret or identify the type of oil (Fig. 6.5). 

Petroleum group type analysis (detailed review)... 

In summary, the terminology used for the identification of the various methods might differ. However, in general terms, group-type analysis of petroleum is often identified by the acronyms for the names PONA (paraffins, olefins, naphthenes, and aromatics), FIONA (paraffins, isoparaffins, olefins, naphthenes, and aromatics), PNA (paraffins, naphthenes, and aromatics), PINA (paraffins. 

Sharma, B.K., Sarowha, S.L.S. Bhagat, S.D., Tiwari, R.K., Gupta, S.K., Venkataramani, O.S., (1998), Hydrocarbon group type analysis of petroleum heavy fractions using the TLC-FID technique, /, Anal Chem., 360, 539-544. 

Nowhere is the contribution of spectroscopic studies more emphatic than in application to the delineation of structural types in the heavier feedstocks. This has been necessary because of the unknown nature of these feedstocks by refiners. One particular example is the n.d.M. method (ASTM D-3238) which is designed for the carbon distribution and structural group analysis of petroleum oils. Later investigators have taken structural group analysis several steps further than the n.d.M. method. 

The above procedure with l-naphthyldimethyl(dimethylamino)silane was applied to four polymers, two of them hydroxyl terminated, the other two with methoxy end groups of unknown, but very low, hydroxyl content. Two nominal molecular weights were chosen for both types of polymers, 600 and 20,000 representing extreme types regarding the difficulties involved in the purification of the silylated polymers by precipitation and filtration. For this operation, the best pair of solvents proved to be 1,2-dimethyloxyethane and low boiling petroleum ether. The samples were redissolved and precipitated repeatedly and each time a portion of the precipitate was subjected to photometric analysis. Apparent hydroxyl contents expressed as a function of the number of precipitations showed that in the case of the hydroxyl terminated polymers, a constant silyl concentration is attained after the first precipitation. Three precipitations were necessary, however, for the methylated polymers in order to obtain consistent results. 

The surfactants currently available for industrial applications can be separated into two groups those that have a natural or renewable origin derived from oil seed crops, animal fats, or trees, and those derived from petroleum distillates. There has been a great deal of debate on the pros and cons of these two types of sourcing. Renewable surfactant feedstocks are often perceived as being better for the environment and should therefore be the first choice for environmentally friendly products. But is that analysis of the simation scientific fact or spiritually pleasing fiction Are renewable chemicals necessarily better for the environment because they are derived from plant and animal fats and oils As with most scientific, political, and social questions, there is no easy answer. 

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