Petrol light

In the case of petrol light-duty vehicles the strict control of combustion, together with improvements in TWC efficiency, has proven sufficient for compliance with the emission limits up to Euro 6. 

Autoxidation of ethers is very important since the peroxides formed are often the cause of violent explosions for details see Rieche s review.328 Peroxide-containing ethers, particularly diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, diisopropyl ether, and dioxan are sources of great danger since violent explosions can result on distillation. Moreover, petrol, light petroleum, decalin, xylene, cumene, and tetralin may all also contain peroxides. 

Cracking cycle Gas Petrol Light reflux Heavy reflux Cracking residue... 

Petroleum Available in fractions of b.p. 40-60°, 60-80°, 80-100°, 100-120° yy Frequently called light petroleum or petrol ether. Unless specially purified, contains sulphur derivatives, etc.y as impurities. 

SG Service typical of petrol engines in present cars, vans and light trucks. Oils developed for this service provide improved control of engine deposits, oil oxidation and engine wear relative to oils developed for previous categories. Oils meeting SG may be used wherever SF, SE, SF/CC or SE/CC are recommended. 

Another important set of performance specifications is produced by the European Vehicle Manufacturers Association, known by its initials CCMC. The CCMC rating G-1 corresponds roughly to API SE, and G-2 to API SF. G-3 (comparable to M1L-L-46152B, for petrol engines only) covers fuel-efficient and light-viscosity lubricants... 

Bottazzi P, Tiepolo M, Vaimucci R, Zanetti A, Brumm R, Foley SF, Oberti R (1999) Distinct site preferences for heavy and light REE in amphibole and the prediction of " p Dree. Contrib Mineral Petrol 137 36-45... 

For purification the still yellow crude product is dissolved in very little warm benzene, four volumes of light petrol are added, and crystallisation is induced by cooling in ice and stirring with a glass rod. The crystals are washed with cold petrol ether. 

Rapp R.P. and Watson E.B. (1986) Monazite solubility and dissolution kinetics implications for the thorium and light rare Earth chemistry of felsic magmas. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 94, 304-316. 

Portable valve-regulated lead-acid cells can operate in any orientation without acid leakage and find use in many different applications, such as in electronic cash registers, alarm systems, emergency lighting unit equipment, telephone boxes, switching stations, minicomputers and terminals, electronically controlled petrol pumps, cordless television sets and portable instruments and tools. 

Light Olefins Using Sulfuric Acid, Parts I and II, Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Petrol. Chem., Preprints (1969) 14 (3), B5. 

Prepare a fresh extract from a larger amount of tissue, or pool the remainder of the replicate pigment extracts (step 7). Transfer to a 25- or 50-ml separatory funnel. Add 3 ml hydrophobic organic solvent (diethyl ether, hexane, or light petrol) and gently shake. 

In order to obtain an extract that can, under exclusion of light and water, be stored in a refrigerator for days and weeks, the pigments should be transferred to a hydrophobic organic solvent that gives a phase separation with water, such as light petrol (a mixture of hydrocarbons, boiling point 40° to 70°C), hexane, or diethyl ether. 

Water-containing plant materials need to be extracted with polar solvents such as acetone, methanol, or ethanol that can take up water. Freeze-dried plant tissues and freeze-dried juices can be directly extracted with diethyl ether, which contains traces of water and is more polar than light petrol or hexane. Pure light petrol or hexane are less suitable, because more polar pigments, such as Chi b or xantho-phylls, are only partially extracted from freeze-dried plant samples. A few drops of acetone or ethanol added to light petrol or hexane will, however, guarantee a complete extraction. This mixture will extract Chi a, Chi b, and all carotenoids—including xanthophyll esters and secondary carotenoids that are present in many fruits and juices—from the freeze-dried plant material. 

The reaction may not even need light just refluxing p-nitrotoluene II with bromine in petrol ether gives a moderate yield of the benzylic bromide 12. Benzyl chloride 14 can be... 

Feedstock Light petrol (distillate) Heavy petrol (residue) Shale oil COED liquid19 H -Coal distillate... 

Carotenoid analysis was determined spectrophotometrically using methods from Sandmann.36 Under dim light, 20 mL of methanol containing 6% KOH was added to 40 mg of leaf material and heated to 60°C for 20 min. The methanol extract was poured into a separatory funnel with 10 mL of 10% diethyl ether (petroleum ether). 10 mL of saturated NaCI solution was added. The upper layer was collected, and the lower one was re-extracted with another 10 mL of diethyl ether/petrol. Total carotenoid content was determined in the combined upper layers by determining volume and measuring optical absorbance at 445 and 550... 

MejCHjPh, Me2Et or Etj] in toluene or light petrol is complete in under 2 h, and unusual hydrogen-bridged diplatinum complexes are formed ... 

The diacetylide Me2Si(C=CPh)2 undergoes Si—C bond cleavage in reactions with Pt(C2H4)2(PR3) [R3 = (C6H,)3, MeBu-tj, PhPr-i2], in light petrol but at RT in under 2 h ... 

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