Perspectives on Science

In discussing science we also need to define its scope, as well as the methods and views (concepts) involved in its pursuit. It is also useful to think about what science is not, although this can sometimes become controversial. Significant and important studies such as those concerned with the fields of sociology, politics, or economics increasingly use methods that previously were associated only with the physical and biological sciences or mathematics. However, I believe these 

When we talk about knowledge of the physical world, we generally refer to facts derived from systematic observation, study, and experimentation as well as the concepts and theories based on these facts. This is contrasted with belief (faith, intuition) in the spiritual or supernatural. 

The scientific method, as mentioned, involves observation and experimentation (research) to discover or establish facts. These are followed by deduction or hypothesis, establishing theories or principles. This sequence, however, may be reversed. The noted twentieth-century philosopher Karl Popper, who also dealt with science, expressed the view that the scientist s work starts not with collection of data (observation) but with selection of a suitable problem (theory). In fact, both of these paths can be involved. vSignificant and sometimes accidental observations can be made without any preconceived idea of a problem or theory and vice versa. The scientist, however, must have a well-prepared, open mind to be able to recognize the significance of such observations and must be able to follow them through. Science always demands rigorous standards of procedure, reproducibility, and open discussion that set reason over irrational belief. 

Science develops ever more rigorous standards of procedure and evaluation for setting reason aside from irrational belief. Flowever, 

In the nineteenth century, scientists showed that many substances, such as oxygen and carbon, had a smallest recognizable constituent 

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T. Lenoir, C. Lecuyer, Instrument makers and discipline builders the case of nuclear magnetic resonance, Perspectives on Science 3 (1995) 276-345 F.D. Becker (ed.). Encyclopedia of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, volume one, Historical Perspectives (Chichester Wiley, 1996) J. Feeney, Development of high resolution NMR spectroscopy as a structural tool, in Bud, Cozzens. Invisible Connections, 199-216. 

R. H. Stuewer, "The origin of the liquid-drop model and the interpretation of nuclear fission, Perspectives on Science 2 (1994) 76-129. 

Dickerson s essay can be found in Journal of Molecular Evolution, 34, 277 (1992), and Perspectives on Science Christian Faith, 44,137-138 (1992). 

Bennett, G.D. 2008. A comparison of green chemistry to the environmental ethics of the Abrahamic religions. Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith, 60 16-25. 

Several of these chemists would later obtain positions as mining and metallurgical officials. For additional arts and crafts in Germany that implemented chemical techniques and knowledge, see Hufbauer, German Chemical Community, 57-61 Ursula Klein, Technoscience avant la lettre, Perspectives on Science 13, 2005, 227-66. 

S. J. Miles. Charles Darwin and Asa Gray discuss teleology and design. Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith, 53 (3) (2001), 196-201. 

D. F. Siemens, Jr. On Moreland spurious freedom, mangled science, muddled philosophy. Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith, 49 (1997), 196-9. 

Gingerich, O. (2005). In praise of contingency chance versus inevitability in the universe we know. In Spiritual Information 100 Perspectives on Science and Religion, ed. 

Ramsey, J.L. 1998. Recent Work in the History and Philosophy of Chemistry. Perspectives on Science 6 409-427. 

Cartwright, N. 1999. The Limits of Exact Science, From Economics to Physics. Perspectives on Science 7 318-336. 

Wylie, A. 1999. Rethinking Unity as a Working Hypothesis for Philosophy of Science How Archaeologists Exploit the Disunities of Science. Perspectives on Science 7 293—317. 

ISBN 0-7923 703-X Pb 0-7923 704-8 W.W. Cobern (ed.) Socio-Cultural Perspectives on Science Education. An International Dialogue. 1998 ISBN 0-7923-4987-3 Pb 0-7923 988-1... 

Industrial and Organizational Psychology Perspectives on Science and Practice, 5, 323-345. doi 10.1111/j.l754-9434.2012.01455.x... 

Hays-Thomas, R., Bendickjr., M. (2013). Professionalizing diversity and inclusion practice Should voluntary standards be the chicken or the egg Industrial and Organizational Psychology Perspectives on Science and Practice, d(3), 193-205. doi 10.111/iops.l2033... 

Ferdman, B. M., Sagiv, L. (2012). Diversity in organizations and cross-cultural work psychology What if they were more connected (Focal article). Industrial and Organizational Psychology Perspectives on Science and Practice, 5(3), 323-345. doi 10.1111/j. 1754 -9434. 2012.01455.x... 

Synthese, Philosophy of the Social Sciences, Teaching Philosophy, Perspectives on Science, Biology and Philosophy, Critica, and Theory and Decision, as well as articles that have appeared in The Humanist, The Times Higher Education Supplement, and The Chronicle of Higher Education, http //leemcintyrebooks.com/... 

Sabra, Abdelhamid. Configuring the Universe Aporetic, Problem Solving, and Kinematic Modeling as Themes of Arabic Astronomy , Perspectives on Science 6 (1998) 288-330. 

Inquiry, and Conceptual Analysis A Case Study from Early Nineteenth-Century France. Perspectives on Science 13(1) 1-48. 

Lemke, J. L. (2001). Articulating Communities Sociocultural Perspectives on Science Education. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 38 (3), 296-316. 

Ratzsch, D. (2004). Design What scientific difference could it make Perspectives on Science and the Christian Faith, 56(1), 14-25. 

Roberts, M. B. (1999). Design up to scratch A comparison of design in Buckland (1832) and Behe. Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith, 51(4), 244-252. 

Thorson, W. R. (2003). Hermeneutics for reading the book of nature A response to Angus Menuge. Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith, 55(2), 99-101. Available from http //www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/2003/PSCF6-03Thorson.pdf... 

Rheinberger, 2005] H. J. Rheinberger. Gaston Bachelard and the Notion of Phenomenotech-nique, Perspectives on Science, 13 313-328, 2005. 

Cobem, W. W. (1998). Science Mid a social constructivist view of the science education. In C. W. Cobem (Ed.), Sociocultural perspectives on science education An international dialogue (pp. 7-23). Dordrecht Kluwer. 

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